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1TheDeclarationofIndependence《独立宣言》INCONGRESS,JULY4,17761776年7月4日，国会THEUNANIMOUSDECLARATIONOFTHETHIRTEENUNITEDSTATESOFAMERAICA《美利坚合众国十三个州的一致宣言》Wheninthecourseofhumanevents,itbecomesnecessaryforonepeopletodissolvethepoliticalbandswhichhaveconnectedthemwithanother,andtoassumeamongthepowersoftheearth,theseparateandequalstationtowhichthelawsNatureandNature’sGodentitlethem,adecentrespecttotheopinionsofmankindrequiresthattheyshoulddeclarethecauseswhichimpelthemtotheseparation.在人类事务的进程中，当一个民族必须解除同另一个民族的政治联系，并按照自然和上帝赋予他们的法则，以独立平等的身份，立于世界列国之林时，出于对人类舆论的尊重，必须把驱使他们独立的原因予以宣布。Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheircreatorwithcertainunalienablerights,thattheyareamongthesearelife,libertyandthepursuitofhappiness.我们认为下述真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物主赋予他们若干不可让与的权利，其中包括生存权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。Thattosecuretheserights,governmentsareinstitutedamongthem,derivingtheirjustpowerfromtheconsentofthegoverned.Thatwheneveranyformofgovernmentbecomesdestructiveoftheseends,itistherightofthepeopletoalterortoabolishit,andtoinstitutenewgovernment,layingitsfoundationonsuchprinciplesandorganizingitspowersinsuchform,astothemshallseemmostlikelytoeffecttheirsafetyandhappiness.为了保障这些权利，人们才在他们中间建立政府，而政府的正当权利，则是经被统治者同意授予的。任何形式的政府一旦对这些目标的实现起破坏作用时，人民便有权予以更换或废除，以建立一个新的政府。新政府所依据的原则和组织其权利的方式，务使人民认为唯有这样才最有可能使他们获得安全和幸福。Prudence,indeed,willdictatethatgovernmentslongestablishedshouldnotbechangedforlightandtransientcauses;andaccordinglyallexperiencehathshownthatmankindaremoredisposedtosuffer,whileevilsaresufferable,thantorightthemselvesbyabolishingtheformstowhichtheyareaccustomed.Butwhenalongtrainofabusesandusurpations,pursuinginvariablythesameobjectevincesadesigntoreducethemunderabsolutedespotism,itistheirright,itistheirduty,tothrowoffsuchgovernment,andtoprovidenewguardsfortheirfuturesecurity.若真要审慎的来说，成立多年的政府是不应当由于无关紧要的和一时的原因而予以更换的。过去的一切经验都说明，任何苦难，只要尚能忍受，人类还是情愿忍受，也不想为申冤而废除他们久已习惯了的政府形式。然而，当始终追求同一目标的一系列滥用职权和强取豪夺的行为表明政府企图把人民至于专制暴政之下时，人民就有权也有义务去推翻这样的政府，并为其未来的安全提供新的保障。Suchhasbeenthepatientsufferanceofthesecolonies;andsuchisnowthenecessity,whichconstrainsthemtoaltertheirformersystemsofgovernment.ThehistoryofthepresentKingofGreatBritainisusurpations,allhavingindirectobjecttyrannyovertheseStates.Toprovethis,letfactsbesubmittedtoacandidworld.这就是这些殖民地过去忍受苦难的经过，也是他们现在不得不改变政府制度的原因。当今大不列颠王国2的历史，就是屡屡伤害和掠夺这些殖民地的历史，其直接目标就是要在各州之上建立一个独裁暴政。为了证明上述句句属实，现将事实公诸于世，让公正的世人作出评判。Hehasrefusedhisassenttolaws,themostwholesomeandnecessaryforthepublicgood.他拒绝批准对公众利益最有益、最必需的法律。HehasforbiddenhisGovernorstopasslawsofimmediateandpressingimportance,unlesssuspendedintheiroperationtillhisassentshouldbeobtained;andwhensosuspended,hehasutterlyneglectedtoattendthem.他禁止他的殖民总督批准刻不容缓、极端重要的法律，要不就先行搁置这些法律直至征得他的同意，而这些法律被搁置以后，他又完全置之不理。Hehasrefusedtopassotherlawsfortheaccommodationoflargedistrictsofpeople,unlessthosepeoplewouldrelinquishtherightofrepresentationintheLegislature,arightinestimabletothemandformidabletotyrantsonly.他拒绝批准便利大地区人民的其他的法律，除非这些地区的人民情愿放弃自己在立法机构中的代表权；而代表权对人民是无比珍贵的，只有暴君才畏惧它。Hehascalledtogetherlegislativebodiesatplacesunusual,uncomfortable,anddistantfromthedepositoryoftheirpublicrecords,forthesolepurposeoffatiguingthemintocompliancewithhismeasures.他把各州的立法委员召集到一个异乎寻常、极不舒适而又远离他们的档案库的地方去开会，其目的无非是使他们疲惫不堪被迫就范。Hehasdissolvedrepresentativehousesrepeatedly,foropposingwithmanlyfirmnesshisinvasionontherightsofthepeople.他一再解散各州的众议院，因为后者坚决反对他侵犯人民的权利。Hehasrefusedforalongtime,aftersuchdissolution,tocauseotherstobeelected;wherebythelegislativepowers,incapableofannihilation,havereturnedtothepeopleatlargefortheirexercise;theStateremaininginthemeantimeexposedtoallthedangersofinvasionfromwithoutandconvulsionwithin.他在解散众议院之后，又长期拒绝另选他人，于是这项不可剥夺的立法权便归由普通人民来行使，致使在这其间各州仍处于外敌入侵和内部骚乱的种种危险之中。Hehasendeavoredtopreventthepopulationofthesestates;forthatpurposeobstructingthelawsofnaturalizingofforeigners;refusingtopassotherstoencouragetheirmigrationhither,andraisingtheconditionofnewappropriationsoflands.他力图阻止各州增加人口，为此目的，他阻挠外国人入籍法的通过，拒绝批准其他鼓励移民的法律，并提高新分配土地的条件。Hehasobstructedtheadministrationofjustice,byrefusinghisassentoflawsforestablishingjudiciarypowers.他拒绝批准建立司法权力的法律，以阻挠司法的执行。Hehasmadejudgesdependentonhiswillalone,forthetenureoftheiroffice,andtheamountandpaymentoftheirsalary.他迫使法官为了保住任期、薪金的数额和支付而置于他个人意志的支配之下。3Hehaserectedamultitudeofnewofficers,andsenthitherswarmsofofficerstoharassourpeople,andeatoutoursubstances.他滥设新官署，委派大批官员到这里骚扰我们的人民，吞噬我们的财物。Hehaskeptamongus,intimesofpeace,standingarmieswithouttheconsentofourlegislatures.他在和平时期，未经我们立法机构同意，就在我们中间维持其常备军。Hehasaffectedtorenderthemilitaryindependentofandsuperiortothecivilpower.他施加影响使军队独立于文官政权之外，并凌驾于文官政权之上。Hehascombinedwithotherstosubjectustoajurisdictionforeigntoourconstitution,andunacknowledgedbyourlaws;givinghisassenttotheiractsofpretendedlegislation.他同他人勾结，把我们置于一种既与我们的法规不相干，也未经我们的法律承认的管辖之下，而且还批准他们的伪法案；Forquarteringlargebodiesofarmedtroopsamongus;在我们中间驻扎大批的武装部队；Forprotectingthem,byamocktrial,frompunishmentforanymurderwhichtheyshouldcommitontheinhabitantsoftheseStates.不论这些人对我们各州居民犯下何等严重的谋杀罪，他可用虚假的审判来庇护他们，让他们逍遥法外；Forcuttingoffourtradewithallpartsoft