Daniel Defoe and Swift

EnglishFictioninthe18thCenturyRealisticfictionDanielDefoeJonathanSwiftHenryFieldingSentimentalistFictionSamuelRcihardson:PamelaLaurenceSterne:Sentimentalistfictionalsocallednovelofsentimentornovelofsensibility),anemotionallyextravagantnovelofakindthatbecamepopularinEuropeinthelate18thcentury.Inthefieldofprosefictionthe18thcentury,sentimentalismhaditsmostoutstandingexpression.Therewerethreenovelistswhofollowedthistraditioninnovelwriting.TheyareSamuelRichardson,OliverGoldsmithandLaurenceSterne.PartlyinspiredbytheemotionalpowerofSamuelRichardson'sPamela,orVirtueRewarded(1740),thesentimentalnovelsofthe1760sand1770sexhibitthecloseconnectionsbetweenvirtueandsensibility,inrepeatedlytearfulscenes;acharacter'sfeelingforthebeautiesofnatureandforthegriefsofothersistakenasasignofapureheart.SamuelRichardson(1689-1761)Richardsonreceivedlittleeducation.Hehadanaturaltalentforwritingletters.Whenhewasstillaboy,hewasfrequentlyemployedbyworkinggirlstowritelovelettersforthem.Thisearlyexperienceandhisfondnessforthesocietyofladiesgavehimtheintimateknowledgeoftheheartsofsentimentalanduneducatedwomen.Whenhewas50,somepublisherscametohimwithaproposalthathewriteaseriesofFamiliarLetters,whichcouldbeusedasmodelsbypeoplewhocouldnotwrite.Richardsongladlyacceptedtheproposal.Hemadetheseletterstelltheconnectedstoryofagirl’slife.ThushearrangedanovelintheformoflettersaboutavirtuousservinggirlnamedPamelaAndrews.ThisishisfirstnovelentitledPamela,orVirtueRewardedMajorworksPamela《帕美拉》ClarrissaHarlowe《克拉瑞萨-哈罗》SirCharlesGrandison《查尔斯-格兰迪生》CommentsRichardsonisthefirstnovelistofsentimentalisttradition.Hisnovelshaveamoralpurpose.TheChiefobjectinmostofhisworksistoinstillvirtueandgooddeportment(风度、仪态.Allofhisnovelsarewrittenintheformofletters,knownasepistolarynovel.Richardsonisanoutstandingnovelistbecausehehadmuchsympathyforwomenintheirinferiorsocialstatusandenteredintodetailedpsychologicalstudyoffemalecharactersandbecausehenotonlyshowedtheconflictbetweenthehelplesswomanandthesocialevilsaroundher,butalsoexposedthoughperhapsquiteunconsciouslythemoralhypocrisyofthearistocratic–bourgeoissocietyofhisday.LaurenceSterne(1713-1768)Sterneisthemostrepresentativenovelistofsentimentalistschool.HewasborninIreland.Hehadneverthoughtofbecomingawriteruntilhewasnearly50yearsold.Whenhewasoldenough,heturnedtowritingnovels.His2masterpieces:TheLifeandOpinionsofTristramShandy(1760)andASentimentalJourneythroughFranceandItaly(1768).TristramShandyItisaverystrangebookanditcanhardlybelabeledasanovel.AlthoughthebookisentitledTheLifeandOpinionsofTristramShandy,itofferslittleofthelifeoropinionsoftheprotagonist.ShandygetsborninVolumeIVandbreechedinVI.Thenhevanishesfromthebook.ThenthebookshiftstotheconversationsbetweenTristram’sfatherandmother,WalterShandyandMrs.Shandy,betweenTristram’sUncleTobyandhisservantCorporalTrim,betweenvariousvisitorsandothermembersofthefamily.Inthelatterpartofthebook,thereisaloveepisodetellinghowawidowMrs.WadmanpursuesUncleTobywithobstinacy.CommentsonTristramShandyItisplotless.Itisfilledwithdigressionsandassociations,sentencefragments,dashes,andevenblankpages.Sternefocusesontheinnerthoughtsofhischaractersandattemptstobringtheactivitiesofone’smindintotheopen.Itisapioneeringworkintheinventionofthestream-of–consciousnessnovel,whichbecomesaninfluentialliterarygenreinthehandsofJamesJoyceandVirginiaWoolf.打破传统小说叙述模式，写法奇特。小说各章长短不一，有的甚至是空白。书中充满长篇议论和插话，并出现乐谱、星号、省略号等。《项狄传》被认为是“世界文学中最典型的小说”。“自杀式阅读“Realisticfictionattemptstoportraytheworldasitis.Itcontainsnofantasy,nosupernaturalelements,anditusuallydepictsordinarypeoplegoingaboutthebusinessofdailyliving,withallitsjoys,sorrow,successes,andfailures.DanielDefoe(1660-1731)VicecomesinalwaysattheDoorofNecessity,notattheDoorofInclination---fromMollFlandersHonestyisoutofthequestionwhenStarvationistheCase.---fromRoxanaBriefIntroductionDanielDefoe，Englishnovelist,pamphleteer,andjournalist,ismostfamousastheauthorofRobinsonCrusoe(1719),astoryofamanshipwreckedaloneonanisland.AlongwithSamuelRichardson,DefoeisconsideredthefounderoftheEnglishnovel.DefoewasbornasthesonofJamesFoe,abutcher.Althoughhisfatherintendedhimfortheministry（神职）,Defoeplungedintopoliticsandtrade,travelingextensivelyinEurope.Defoeearnedfameandroyalfavorwithhissatiricalpoem“TheTruebornEnglishman”（《纯正出身的英格兰人》）(1701).In1702DefoewrotehisfamouspamphletTheShortestWayWithDissenters（反对英国国教）.HimselfaDissenterhemimickedtheextremeattitudesofHighAnglican（英国国教徒）Tories（保皇党人）andpretendedtoarguefortheextermination（灭绝）ofallDissenters.Nobodywasamused;Defoewasarrestedandpilloried(受枷刑）inMay1703.THETRUE-BORNENGLISHMAN如是从所有人种之混合中起始那异质之人，英格兰人：在饥渴的强奸之中，愤怒的欲望孕生，在浓妆的不列颠人和苏格兰人之间：他们繁衍的后裔迅速学会弯弓射箭把他们的小牝牛套上罗马人的犁：一个杂种混血的种族于焉出现没有名字没有民族，没有语言没有声名在他热烈血管中如今奔流着混合的体液萨克逊人和丹麦人的交融当他们枝叶繁茂的女儿，不辱父母之风以杂交之欲望接待所有民族这令人作呕的一族体内的确包含了嫡传的精粹的英格兰人之血！！！Asatiricalpoempublishedin1701defendingKingWilliam,whowasDutch,againstxenophobic（憎恨、恐惧外国人的）attacks,andridiculingthenotionofEnglishracialpurity.Itbecameapopularsuccess.Defoe’sargumentwasthattheEnglishnationasitalreadyexistedinh