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GENUSXIII.SHEWANELLA491MNaCl.Growthoccursat4–30C.Optimumgrowthtem-peratureis25C.GrowsbetweenpH6–8.OptimumpHforgrowthis7.0.Chemoheterotrophicfacultativeanaerobe.Cangrowan-aerobicallyusingnitrate,fumarate,iron,manganese,TMAO,thiosulfate,andelementalsulfurasalternativeelec-tronacceptorswithlactateactingasthecarbonsource.Cat-alase,oxidase,andlipasepositive.Amylaseandgelatinasenegative.Glucose,galactose,lactate,acetate,pyruvate,cit-rate,succinate,glutamate,Casaminoacids,yeastextract,andpeptoneareusedaerobicallyasenergysources.Fruc-tose,glycerol,sorbitol,arabinose,formate,andethanolarenotutilized.IsolatedfromtheaccessorynidamentalglandsoffemaleadultsofthesquidspeciesLoligopealei.Themol%GCoftheDNAis:45.0(HPLC).Typestrain:ANG-SQ1,ATCC700345.GenBankaccessionnumber(16SrRNA):AF011335.12.ShewanellaviolaceaNogi,KatoandHorikoshi1999,341VP(Effectivepublication:Nogi,KatoandHorikoshi1998b,337.)vi.o.lace.a.L.gen.n.violaceaofviolet.Cellsarestraightorslightlycurvedrods,0.8–1.02–4lm.Coloniesonmarineagararecircular,smooth,convexwithentireedges,andbutyrousinconsistency.After2–3d,coloniesarenonpigmented;aftermorethan7d,coloniesappearviolet.NaClisrequiredforgrowth;optimallevelsforgrowthare2–3%.Nogrowthwith6%NaCl.Psychrophilic.Growsoptimallybetween4–10C.Baro-philic.Optimalpressureforgrowthis30MPa.Othercharacteristicsareasgiveninthegenusdescrip-tionandinTableBXII.c.148.Acidisproducedfromcel-lobioseandd-galactose,butnotfromdl-arabinose,d-fruc-tose,glycerol,inositol,lactose,maltose,d-mannitol,d-man-nose,d-raffinose,l-rhamnose,d-sorbitol,sucrose,d-treha-lose,ord-xylose.IsolatedfromtheRyukyuTrench,northwestPacificOcean,atadepthof5110m.Themol%GCoftheDNAis:47(Tm).Typestrain:DSS12,JCM10179.GenBankaccessionnumber(16SrRNA):D21225.13.ShewanellawoodyiMakemson,Fulayfil,Landry,VanErt,Wimpee,WidderandCase1997,1039VPwoody.i.M.L.gen.n.woodyiofWoody,inhonoroftheAmericanbiologistJ.WoodlandHastings.Cellsarerod-shaped,0.4–1.01.4–2.0lm.Coloniesonmarineagararepink-orangeduetotheaccumulationofcytochromes.NaClisrequiredforgrowth.Growthfactorsarenotrequired.Psychrophilic.Growthoccursbetween4and25C;op-timumtemperature,20–25C;nogrowthat30C.Othercharacteristicsareasgiveninthegenusdescrip-tionandinTablesBXII.c.148andBXII.c.151.Isolatedfromsquidink,seawaterandmarinesnow(col-lectedfromtheAlboranSea).Themol%GCoftheDNAis:39(bymeasurementoftherelativebindingofDNA-binding-fluorescentdyesbis-benzimideandchromomycinA3).Typestrain:MS32,ATCC51908,DSM12036.GenBankaccessionnumber(16SrRNA):AF003549.OrderXI.“Vibrionales”Vib.ri.o.nales.M.L.masc.n.Vibriotypegenusoftheorder;-alesendingtodenoteorder;M.L.fem.pl.n.VibrionalestheorderofbacteriawhosecircumscriptionisbasedonthegenusVibrio.DescriptionisthesameasforthefamilyVibrionaceae.Typegenus:VibrioPacini1854,411.FamilyI.VibrionaceaeVe´ron1965,5245ALJ.J.FARMERIIIANDJ.MICHAELJANDAVib.ri.o.nace.ae.M.L.masc.n.Vibriotypegenusofthefamily;-aceaeendingtodenotefamily;M.L.fem.pl.n.VibrionaceaethefamilyofbacteriawhosecircumscriptionisbasedonthegenusVibrio.Gram-negativestraightorcurvedrods.Motilebymeansofpolarflagella.Additionallateralflagellamaybeproducedwhengrownonsolidmedia;thesedifferinwavelengthandantigenicityfromthepolarflagellumandmaynumberfromafewtoover100flagella/cell.Donotformendosporesormicrocysts.Chemoor-ganotrophs.Facultativeanaerobes,havingbotharespiratoryandafermentativemetabolism.Oxygenisauniversalelectronac-ceptor.Donotdenitrify.Moststrains:areoxidasepositive,reducenitratetonitrite,fermentd-glucoseandutilizeitasasoleorprincipalsourceofcarbonandenergy,growinminimalmediawithd-glucoseorothercompoundsasthesolesourceofcarbonandenergyanduseNH4asthesolenitrogensource.Afewspeciesrequirevitaminsandaminoacids.Fermentandutilizeawidevarietyofsimpleandcomplexcarbohydratesandutilizeawidevarietyofothercarbonsources.MostspeciesrequireNaoraseawaterbaseforgrowthandrequire0.5–3%NaClforop-timumgrowth.Severalspeciesarebioluminescent;otherspeciesincludeafewbioluminescentstrains.Primarilyaquatic.Foundinfresh,brackish,andseawater,ofteninassociationwithaquaticanimalsandplants.Severalspeciesarepathogenicforhumans.FAMILYI.VIBRIONACEAE492Otherspeciesarepathogenicforfish,eels,andotheraquaticanimals.Themol%GCoftheDNAis38–51%.ThefamilyisclassifiedinthephylumProteobacteriaintheclassGammapro-teobacteria.Typegenus:VibrioPacini1854,411.HistoricaloverviewAhistoryofthefamilyVibrionaceaeasithasappearedinBergey’sManualisgiveninTableBXII.c.152.RelatedfamiliesincludeEnterobacteriaceae,Aeromonadaceae,andPasteurellaceae.ThefamilyVibrionaceaehasundergoneintensestudysincethefirsteditionofBergey’sManualofSystematicBac-teriology(KriegandHolt,1984)waspublishedin1984.IntheirchapteronthefamilyVibrionaceaeinthatedition,BaumannandSchubert(1984)includedthegeneraVibrio,Photobacterium,Ae-romonas,andPlesiomonas.Thesearethesamefourgenerain-cludedintheoriginalclassificationofthefamilyproposedbyVe´ronalmosttwentyyearsearlier(Ve´ron,1965).InthisManualAeromonasandPlesiomonasareclassifiedinotherfamilies(TableBXII.c.152).Forpracticalidentificationschemes,itisstillusefultoconsiderAerom