生命周期评价方法(框架目标定义分析和应用)

ReviewLifecycleassessmentPart1:Framework,goalandscopedefinition,inventoryanalysis,andapplicationsG.Rebitzera,*,T.Ekvallb,R.Frischknechtc,D.Hunkelerd,G.Norrise,T.Rydbergf,W.-P.Schmidtg,S.Suhh,B.P.Weidemai,D.W.PenningtonfaLifeCycleSystemsGroup,GECOS,ENAC,SwissFederalInstituteofTechnology—Lausanne(EPFL),CH-1015Lausanne,SwitzerlandbEnergySystemsTechnology,ChalmersUniversityofTechnology,SE-41296Go¨teborg,SwedencESU-services,Kanzleistr.4,CH-8610Uster,SwitzerlanddAQUA+TECHSpecialtiesSA,CheminduChalet-du-Bac4,CH-1283LaPlaine,Geneva,SwitzerlandeSylvatica/HarvardSchoolofPublicHealth/UniversityofNewHampshire,NorthBerwick,ME03906,USAfEuropeanCommissionJointResearchCentre,InstituteforEnvironmentandSustainability(IES),SoilandWasteUnit,I-21020Ispra(VA),ItalygFord-WerkeAG,D-E479/W03,Henry-FordStr.1,D-50725Cologne,GermanyhInstituteofEnvironmentalScience(CML),LeidenUniversity,POBox9518,2300RALeiden,TheNetherlandsi2.0LCAconsultants,Amagertorv3,DK-1160Copenhagen,DenmarkReceived5March2003;accepted17November2003AbstractSustainabledevelopmentrequiresmethodsandtoolstomeasureandcomparetheenvironmentalimpactsofhumanactivitiesfortheprovisionofgoodsandservices(bothofwhicharesummarizedundertheterm‘‘products’’).Environmentalimpactsincludethosefromemissionsintotheenvironmentandthroughtheconsumptionofresources,aswellasotherinterventions(e.g.,landuse)associatedwithprovidingproductsthatoccurwhenextractingresources,producingmaterials,manufacturingtheproducts,duringconsumption/use,andattheproducts’end-of-life(collection/sorting,reuse,recycling,wastedisposal).Theseemissionsandconsumptionscontributetoawiderangeofimpacts,suchasclimatechange,stratosphericozonedepletion,troposphericozone(smog)creation,eutrophication,acidification,toxicologicalstressonhumanhealthandecosystems,thedepletionofresources,wateruse,landuse,andnoise—amongothers.Aclearneed,therefore,existstobeproactiveandtoprovidecomplimentaryinsights,apartfromcurrentregulatorypractices,tohelpreducesuchimpacts.Practitionersandresearchersfrommanydomainscometogetherinlifecycleassessment(LCA)tocalculateindicatorsoftheaforementionedpotentialenvironmentalimpactsthatarelinkedtoproducts—supportingtheidentificationofopportunitiesforpollutionpreventionandreductionsinresourceconsumptionwhiletakingtheentireproductlifecycleintoconsideration.Thispaper,part1inaseriesoftwo,introducestheLCAframeworkandprocedure,outlineshowtodefineandmodelaproduct’slifecycle,andprovidesanoverviewofavailablemethodsandtoolsfortabulatingandcompilingassociatedemissionsandresourceconsumptiondatainalifecycleinventory(LCI).ItalsodiscussestheapplicationofLCAinindustryandpolicymaking.Thesecondpaper,byPenningtonetal.(Environ.Int.2003,inpress),highlightsthekeyfeatures,summarisesavailableapproaches,andoutlinesthekeychallengesofassessingtheaforementionedinventorydataintermsofcontributionstoenvironmentalimpacts(lifecycleimpactassessment,LCIA).D2004ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.1.IntroductionAchieving‘‘sustainabledevelopment’’requiresmethodsandtoolstohelpquantifyandcomparetheenvironmentalimpactsofprovidinggoodsandservices(‘‘products’’)tooursocieties.Theseproductsarecreatedandusedbecausetheyfulfilaneed,beitanactualoraperceivedone.Everyproducthasa‘‘life,’’startingwiththedesign/developmentoftheproduct,followedbyresourceextraction,production(productionofmaterials,aswellasmanufacturing/provisionoftheproduct),use/consumption,andfinallyend-of-lifeactivities(collection/sorting,reuse,recycling,wastedispos-al).Allactivities,orprocesses,inaproduct’sliferesultinenvironmentalimpactsduetoconsumptionofresources,0160-4120/$-seefrontmatterD2004ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.doi:10.1016/j.envint.2003.11.005*Correspondingauthor.Tel.:[phone];fax:[phone].E-mailaddress:[e-mail](G.Rebitzer).(2004)701–720emissionsofsubstancesintothenaturalenvironment,andotherenvironmentalexchanges(e.g.,radiation).Fig.1presentsasimplifiedschemeoftheproductlifeconcept,whichisusuallyreferredtoasa‘‘lifecycle,’’asitincludesloopsbetweentheseverallifephases.Examplesofsuchloopsarethereuseandrecyclingofpost-consumerproducts(originatingintheend-of-lifephase)orrecyclingofproductionscrap.Lifecycleassessment(LCA)isamethodologicalframe-workforestimatingandassessingtheenvironmentalimpactsattributabletothelifecycleofaproduct,suchasclimatechange,stratosphericozonedepletion,troposphericozone(smog)creation,eutrophication,acidification,toxicologicalstressonhumanhealthandecosystems,thedepletionofresources,wateruse,landuse,andnoise—andothers.WhenconductinganLCA,thedesign/developmentphaseisusuallyexcluded,sinceitisoftenassumednottocontributesignificantly.However,onehastonotethatthedecisionsinthedesign/developmentphasehighlyinfluencetheenviron-mentalimpactsintheotherlifecyclestages.Thedesignofaproductstronglypredeterminesitsbehaviourinthesubse-quentphases(e.g.,thedesignofanautomobilemoreorlessdeterminesthefuelconsumptionandemissionsperkilometredrivenintheusephaseandhasahighinfluenceonthefeasiblerecyclingoptionsintheen