风景园林专业英语lesson8

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ChinesegardenconceptsarrivedinJapanalongwithBuddhisminthesixthcentury.Althoughsharingasimilaraestheticapproach,thegardensbuiltinthesmall,Well-wateredislandnationofJapanwouldultimatelydifferfromthoseofChina,acountryofvastlygreaterdimensions,alandofcontrastingwideplainsandmountainousprecipices.AfterappropriatingChinesegardenconcepts,insteadofcontinuingtocreaterecollectionsoffamousscenesinnatureintheChinesemanner,Japanesegardendesignersincreasinglysoughtagenericidealofnatureinconformitywiththescaleandtopographyoftheirownnaturallandscape.中国的园林概念跟随着佛教在第六世纪抵达日本。虽然两国的审美方式很相近,但日本作为三面环海的小岛国,园林形式终将不同于中国,中国是一个更大规模的国家,土地广阔的平原和山区悬崖峭壁的对比。在挪用中国园林的概念,而不是继续创造“回忆”在中国的方式自然著名的场景,日本园林设计师越来越多地寻求与他们自己的自然景观的规模和地形相一致的自然的理想。Theeleventh-centurytreatiseknownastheSakuteiki,presumablywrittenbyTachibananoToshitsuna(1028~1084),isJapan'searliestknownmanualofgardenrules.Initonefindsprescriptionsforthehandlingofstonessetwithinmovingwaterinthesocalledlargeriverstyle.TheSakuteikicounselsthat,inordertomakeapropergarden,oneshouldtravelwidelyandbecomeacquaintedwithbeautifulscenesinnature,indicatingthatbythistimetheJapanesehadsingledoutvariousfamousviewsasprizedcomponentsoftheircountry'snaturallandscape.Besidesgivingpreciseinstructionsforbuildingwater-fallsandothergardenfeatures,theauthorencouragesgardenerstoorienttheirbuildingstothesouthaccordingtotheprinciplesofgeomancy.Logically,streamsshouldbeplacedonthis,theirmostopen,side.Heprescribedthattheseflowfromeasttowestinordertocleansetheevilairemanatingfromthenortheastandwardoffdemons.InadditiontofollowingtheseprescriptionsoftheSakuteiki,Japanesegardendesignersoftenincorporatedadistantvistaintheirdesignsinordertoenlargethevisualsphereoftheusuallyquitesmallgardenandtoreinforceitsconnectionwiththenaturalworld.Theyreferredtothistechniqueofborrowingsceneryasshakkei.第十一世纪的论文称为作庭记,大概是橘俊岗写的(1028~1084),是日本最早的园林的规则手册。在这里面我们会发现处方中在所谓“大河风格”流水置石的做法。作庭记建议,为了作出适合的园林,人们应该广泛的旅行和认识大自然美丽的景色,这表明,此时,日本已经把各种著名的风景作为其国家自然景观的珍贵组成部分。除了对建筑瀑布和其他园林的特点明确的指示,笔者鼓励造园家根据风水的原则将建筑物布局在南部。从逻辑上讲,溪流应该放在最开放的一边。他规定,这些从东到西流,以净化从东北散发出来的邪恶空气,驱除恶魔。他规定,这些从东到西流,以净化从东北部散发出来的邪恶空气和驱除恶魔。除了下面这些处方的作庭记,日本园林设计师经常在他们的设计中引入一个遥远的远景,以扩大通常相当小的花园的视觉领域,并加强与自然世界的联系。他们称这种技术为借景(shakkei)。BuddhistcreationmythologyandDaoistbeliefintheparadisaicalIslesoftheBlestfurnishedthelakeand-islandsmotifthatunderliesthecompositionofmanyJapanesegardens,eventhosecompressedvisionsofaZenBuddhistuniverseknownaskaresansui,ordrylandscapes.Beginninginthethirteenthcentury,membersofthenewlyimportedZensectdesignedthesespare,almostaustere,gardensasaidstomeditation.Theseareminimalistcompositionsofcarefullypositionedstones,whicharemeanttobereadasislandsinadry“river”ofcarefullyrakedgravelorsandorasmountainsinalandscapeofmosses.SuchZen-inspiredgardensplayedanimportantroleamongmembersoftherulingclasses;certainemperorsandevensomeshoguns-powerfulmilitarydictatorswhoruledunderthenominalauthorityoftheemperor-foundgarden-makingtobeasatisfyingescapefromcourtpoliticsandcivilstrife.Theteaceremony,developedinthelatefifteenthcentury,wasnotareligiousexercise,butitneverthelessprovidedadisciplinedexperienceofconcentrationandaestheticandspiritualrefreshmentforwhichpassagealongagardenpathofmossandstonesofferedaprescribedpreludeandconclusion.佛教所创造的神话及道教福地仙岛的信念形成的湖-岛主题成为很多日本园林的基本构成,即便是被广泛认知的禅宗凝练视觉的枯山水也是如此。从十三世纪开始,新传入的禅宗教派的成员几乎简朴地设计这些空余的,园林助于冥想。这些都是精心安置的石头,这意味着可以被解读为精心倾斜碎石或沙子干“河”的岛屿或苔藓景观。这样充满灵感的禅宗花园在统治阶级的成员中起了重要的作用;某些皇帝甚至一些幕府强大的在皇帝的名义权力下统治的军事独裁者,发现造园是一个令人满意的摆脱宫廷政治内乱。茶道,在第十五世纪末发展起来的,并不是一个宗教的运动,但它提供一个有经验的浓度和审美和精神恢复,沿着青苔和石头花园路径通道提供规定的前奏和结论。TheJapanesecombinedtheirpenchantforculturalappropriationwithatalentforreinvention.Japan'sislandgeographyandasemi-isolationistpolicyduringmuchofitshistoryfosteredtheassimilationandtransformationofthoseideasandformsthatwereadoptedfromtheoutsideintoavigorousnativeexpression.ThearrivalofCommodoreMatthewPerry'sAmericanshipsinTokyoBayin1853~1954endedthecountry'sprevioustwocenturiesofclosuretoallbutDutchandChinesetraders,whoseaccesswasstrictlylimited.IncreasingtransactionswiththeWeststartedJapanonapathofprofoundchange.WithoutsomedegreeofculturalisolationandthefocusedaestheticismthatmaturedtheJapanesegardenintoagreatartform,theslowbutcreativeevolutionthatcountsasdevelopmentwithinatraditionalartisticidiomcametoastandstill.Itsassimilativeenergiesdirectedtowardbuildingapowerfuleconomyanditspoliticallifereshapedsince1945asacapitalistdemocracy,Japanhasbecometodayaconservatorofitsculturalheritage.Asinothercountrieswherethegovernmentandculturalinstitutionsprotectagoldenageofpreviousartisticaccomplishment,inJapanthestateandthereligiousestablishmentsofKyotomaintaintheincomparableimperialandBuddhisttemplegardensasmuch-appreciatedheritageiconsandtouristattractions.日本文化拨款然后结合自己的爱好再造人才。日本的岛国地理和半孤立主义政策的历史中培育了同化的思想和形式,通过从外界进入了蓬勃的母语表达转化。对佩里在东京湾的美国军舰的到来在1853~1954结束该国的前两世纪关闭所有但荷兰和中国商人,其访问被严格限制。随着西方的日益增长,日本在一条深刻变革的道路上。没有一定程度的文化隔离和集中的唯美主义,成熟的日本花园变成了一个伟大的艺术形式,缓慢但创造进化,算是在一个传统的艺术风格发展停滞不前。其同化的能量朝着建设强大的经济和政治生活的改变从1945作为资本主义民主,日本已成为今天的保护文化遗产。像在其他国家,政府和文化机构保护的“黄金时代”的以前的艺术成就,在日本,京都的国家和宗教机构保持无与伦比的帝国和佛教寺庙园林一样多的欣赏遗产的图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