BRAF基因突变在甲状腺乳头状癌中的应用

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李永平DoctorLiBRAF基因突变在甲状腺乳头状癌中的临床应用2014-04-23*目录CONTENTS相关文献回顾BRAF基因BRAF与PTC文献精选展望*相关文献回顾1*BRAF文献回顾BRAFMutationsinHairy-CellLeukemiaTheBRAFV600EmutationwaspresentinallpatientswithHCLwhowereevaluatedImplicationsforthepathogenesis,diagnosis,andtargetedtherapyNEnglJMedJune162011;364:2305-15.;毛细胞白血病所有毛细胞白血病BRAFV600E发生了变异可以用来研究发病机理、诊断、靶向治疗*BRAF文献回顾CetuximabandChemotherapyasInitialTreatmentforMetastaticColorectalCancerCetuximabplusFOLFIRIcomparedwithFOLFIRIalonereducedtheriskofprogressionofmetastaticcolorectalcancerNEnglJMedapril2,2009;360:1408-17.转移性结直肠癌西妥昔单抗合并FOLFIRI降低对KRAS突变转移性结直肠癌患者的疾病进展风险2011版NCCN提出:具有BRAF突变的患者预后差,一线治疗后疾病进展的,利用西妥昔单抗治疗是无效的*BRAF文献回顾ImprovedSurvivalWithVemurafenibInMelanomaWithBRAFV600EMutationAberrantactivationoftheBRAFkinaseoccursin60%ofmelanomas,andalthoughBRAFinhibitorshaveshownsignificantearlyclinicalsuccessNEnglJMed2011;364:2507-16.黑色素瘤在黑色素瘤中有60%患者发生BRAFV600E突变发生BRAFV600E突变的患者经vemurafenib(威罗菲尼)治疗,患者的总生存率和无进展生存率分别提高(37%&26%)。但易产生耐药。*BRAF基因介绍2*PTC中BRAF基因突变的分布TheworldwideprevalenceofBRAFmutationsinPTCEndocrine-RelatedCancer(2006)13455–464文献结论※B-RAFV600Emutationwasfoundin99outof260PTCs(38%)※TheB-RAFV600Emutationwaspresentin48.3%ofcasesofclassicPTC(85outof176),in17.6%(nineoutof51)offollicularvariantsofPTC,in21.7%(fiveoutof23)ofotherPTCvariantsandinnoneofthetenpoorlydifferentiatedtumors.※TheB-RAFV600Ewascorrelatedwithanolderageatdiagnosis(P=0.01)Endocrine-RelatedCancer(2006)13455–464BRAF基因突变的致病机理Themodelillustratesthetwomajorsignalingpathways,thePI3K/AktandtheMAPkinasepathways。Theincreasingcolorintensityofthecirclerepresentstheincreasingprogressionandaggressivenessofthetumor.MAPKpathway,theRas→Raf→MEK→MAP→ERKpathway.ClinCancerRes2007;13:1161-1170.PengHou,DingxieLiu,YuanShan,etal.BRAF信号通路ExpertRev.Mol.Diagn.©FutureScienceGroup(2012)BRAF蛋白与KRAS蛋白同为RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK信号通路中上游调节因子,在MAPK/ERK信号通路中起着举足轻重的作用;通过这些途径,将胞外信号转化为胞内信号,从而有效应对外界的信号刺激,调节细胞的生长、增殖、分化,抑制细胞的凋亡。AdPRASBRAFMEKERKERKNucleusNucleargeneregulationFigure1.MolecularsignalingoftheMAPkinasepathway.RTKdimerizesuponligand(growthfactor,cytokineandhormone)bindingandacquiresikinasedomain,leadingtoactivationofRASviaaseriesofAdPs.Throughcascadephosphorylationevents,theactivatedRASrecruitsBRAFtothecellmembraneandactivatesit.BRAFthenactivatesdownstreamMEK,whichinturnactivatesERK.TheactivatedERKtranslocatesfromcytosolintonucleustoregulategeneexpression.AdP:Adaptorprotein;RTK:Receptortyrosinekinase.AdP↓↓←←MAPK通路ActivationofMAPKsignalingpathwaybyRAS,RET/PTCandBRAFV600Emutations.JChinMedAssoc•March2010•Vol73•No3MAPK通路负反馈JChinMedAssoc•March2010•Vol73•No3ProposedmodeloffeedbackinhibitionintumorcellswithRET/PTCorRTKsandwithBRAFV600E*BRAF与PTC3*BRAF基因突变的临床应用指导治疗PTCBRAF突变*BRAF基因突变在FNAB中的应用文献TheroleofBRAFV600EmutationandultrasonographyforthesurgicalmanagementofathyroidnodulesuspiciousforpapillarythyroidcarcinomaoncytologyMoonHJ,YonseiUniversityCollegeofMedicine,Seoul,SouthKorea.AnnSurgOncol.2009Nov;16(11):3125-31术前诊断91例通过FNAB怀疑PTC,42例发生BRAFV600E变异,术后组织病理全部是PTC,准确率100%。BRAFV600E阴性,术前诊断依赖于B超,术后:组织病理BRAF基因突变与临床病理特征分析32个研究6372个患者2个前瞻性2个常规行CND淋巴结转移临床分期甲状腺外侵犯肿瘤大小性别年龄多发病灶有无包膜亚型血管侵犯年龄与血管侵犯无统计学意义BRAF基因突变预测DFSBRAF基因突变阳性患者更可能(OR,3.06;95%CI,1.10-8.47,P=.032)产生PTC的持久性/复发。通过细针穿刺细胞学标本检测BRAF突变状态,对PTC的持久性/复发的评估具有重要的预后价值。XingM.etal.JClinOncolJUNE20200927:2977-2982.对FNA不能确诊的患者的治疗策略对于细胞学诊断不确定的细针穿刺样本进行BRAF分析BRAFV600E呈阴性(如果该患者没有其他风险因素)BRAFV600E呈阳性患者6-12月后再次接受穿刺检查全甲状腺切除+中央淋巴清扫术→→YaleUniversity:AdebowaleJ,etal.ReflexBRAFTestinginThyroidFine-NeedleAspirationBiopsywithEquivocalandPositiveInterpretation:AProspectiveStudy.Thyroid.2011.7(21):717-723{*BRAF基因突变在CND中的应用文献Impactoflymphnodemetastasesidentifiedoncentralneckdissection(CND)ontherecurrenceofpapillarythyroidcancer:potentialroleofBRAFV600EmutationindefiningCND.AlzahraniAS,XingMJohnsHopkinsUniversitySchoolofMedicineEndocrRelatCancer.2013Jan21;20(1):13-22指导CND379例甲状腺全切除,243例行CND,136未行CND。CND从无、有限、正常。复发风险率从4.7%、15.7%、40.5%(p0.0001)。CND从有限到正常,颈部淋巴结转移率从18%到77.3%(p0.0001)。BRAFV600E变异有一致的结果。*文献解读4*JAMA解读AssociationBetweenBRAFV600EMutationandMortalityinPatientsWithPapillaryThyroidCancerObjective:ToinvestigatetherelationshipbetweenBRAFV600EmutationandPTCrelatedmortalityMingzhaoXing,MD,PhD,DivisionofEndocrinologyandMetabolism,JohnsHopkinsUniversitySchoolofMedicineJAMA,April10,2013—Vol309,No.14背景回顾性研究多中心1849例患者(男性438,女性1411)7个国家,13个中心,时间跨度(1978-2011)中位年龄46岁(34-58)中位随访时间33月(13-67月)*研究概况入组标准所有病例为PTC,甲状腺全切除治疗性NLD按标准适应症病理诊断符合WHO标准术后按治疗标准行I131治疗随访起点:第一次手术后死亡标准:死于PTC,排除其他死因结果总死亡率:5.3%(45/845)vs1.1%(11/1004)(P.001)千人年死亡率:12.87vs2.52千人年死亡率(传统PTC):11.80vs2.25风险率(HR):2.66不同研究中心死亡相关分析BRAF总突变45.7%总死亡:56人占3%其中45人BRAF基因突变占80.4%总死亡:BRAF(+)5.3%—BRAF(-)1.1%不同病理类型死亡相关分析Alltypes:56/1849(3.0)45/845(5.3)11/1004(1.1).001Conventional:39/1233(3.2)33/659(5.0)6/574(1.0).001Follicularvariant:6/411(1.5)4/82(4.9)2/329(0.6).02年龄及临床特征死亡相关分析有明显统计学意义:年龄大于45岁尤其大于60岁无明显统计学意义:无淋巴结转移无远处转移甲状腺外侵犯StageI、II、III肿瘤大小Kaplan-Meier生存曲线Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分层Kaplan-Meier生存曲线年龄结论※BRAFV600E基因突变与PTC总死亡率明显相关(80.4%)※BRAFV600E基因突变不是PTC死亡率预测的独立因子,但给研究其分子机理及其他基因提供了依据(

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