2._Diction

1PartTwoDictionDictionisthechoiceandtheuseofwords2Thedifferencebetweentherightwordandthealmost-rightwordisasgreatasthatbetweenlightningandthelightingbug．用词准确与用词几乎准确，这两者之间的差异就如闪电与萤火虫之间的差异。”3Usingtherightwordattherighttimeisratherlikewearingappropriateclothingfortheoccasion:itisacourtesytoothers,andafavortoyourself-amatterofpresentingyourselfwellintheeyesoftheworld.----TheReader’sDigest4Word:theunitofmeaningandstructureTypesofthewordsAccordingtoitsfeature:--Contentwords&functionalwords(meaning)(structure)Accordingtoitspartofspeech:--N.V.Adv.Adj.andetc.Accordingtoitsfrequency:--Activewords&passivewordsWordsthatyoucanunderstandandcanusefreely.Wordsthatyoucanunderstandbutcannotusefreely.5Howtomakeagooddiction?By:UsingtheAppropriateWord—LevelofwordsUsingtheExactWord—MeaningofwordsUsingFigurativeLanguage—Figuresofspeech6UsingtheAppropriateWordChoosingtheappropriatewordisessentialinexpressingyourideasaccuratelyanddecently.Wordsareappropriatewhentheysuityoursubjectandthepurposeofyourwriting,theroleyouareassuming,theattitudeyouwanttoproject,andthereadersyouarewritingfor.7Outofthecabinwindowitwasbright.Somepassengers_______theairscenery,some_____intothesplendidAlps,someothers_______throughnewspaper.Althoughmyeyeswere____ononemagazineIcouldn’thelp_____________theyearsofWorldWarII…(MartinRowe)窗外阳光灿烂。机舱里有人观赏高空美景，有人在凝眺阿尔卑斯风光，有人在浏览报纸。我的眼睛尽管盯在一份杂志上，但我的思维却禁不住回溯到二战的岁月…PracticalEnglishrhetoricbyLvXu,P39Fillintheblankswiththefollowingwords:gaze;skim;enjoy;lookbackupon；fixenjoyedgazedskimmedfixedlookingbackupon8II.LevelsofwordsReadthepart“LevelofWords”onP9-13,decidinghowwordsaredividedandfillintheblanks.9II.LevelsofwordsStyleofwordsUsersPurposeStandardEnglishNon-standard10II.LevelsofwordsStyleofwordsUsersPurposeStandardEnglishMeetthestyleandcontentSlang,dialect…Specialgroupsofpeopleformal,commoncolloquialNon-standardSpecialeffectEducatedpeople11LevelsofWordsWordsaregenerallyclassifiedintofourgroupsaccordingtodifferentlevelsofusageorformality:FormalStandardorcommonColloquialorinformalSlang12FormalWordsFormalwordsmayalsobecalledlearnedwords,orliterarywords,or“big”words.MostofthemareofGreekofLatinorigin.Formalwordsaremorecommonlyusedonaddresses,eulogies,articlesforscholarlyjournals,technicalreports,legaldocuments,etc.FormalEnglishavoidscontractionsandcolloquialexpressionsandthereforesoundsdifferentfromthewayaveragepeoplespeak.13Example:Thereisnothingnewintherecognition,withinagivenlanguage,ofadistinctionbetweencommonusageandusesofthelanguageformorerestrictedpurposesandoftenenough,perhapscharacteristically,moreelevatedpurposes.ThemonolithicnatureofEnglishisnotquestionedwhenliteraryessayistslikeEmersoncontrastpoetryandcommonspeech.ThelatterisrecognizedinAmericantobethepropersubjectfortheinvestigationofLinguistswho,however,nowshowsomeincipientinclinationtoinvestigatepoetry,too,andothernoncasualutterancesinagivenlanguage.14Note:Recognition(formal)knowing(common)seeing(common)characteristically(formal)typically(relativelycommon)elevated(formal)better(common)higher(common)monolithic(formal)inseparable,unchangeable(relativelycommon)investigation(formal)research,study(common)incipient(formal)early(common)beginning(common)noncasual(formal)special(common)serious(common)careful(common)inclination(formal)preference(relativelycommon)liking(common)utterance(formal)speaking(common)15StandardorCommonWordsStandardorcommonwordsarethoseusedbythewidestgroupofeducatedspeakersandwriters.Commonwordsarepopularincollegewriting,andareoftenemployedinnewspaper,textbooks,non-fiction,bestsellers,etc.CommonEnglishiseasytounderstand,andcomplieswellwiththewrittenlanguage.16Example:WhenIwasakid,andreadingeverysciencefictionbookinthelocallibrary,Iusedtowonderexactlyhowthefuturewouldhappen.BythatIdon’tmeanwhatthefuturewouldbelike----sciencefictionalreadytoldmethat----butratherhowwe’dactuallygetthere.Sciencefictionbooksseemedtoagree,forexample,thatinthefuturetherewouldbenomoney----alltransactionswouldbemadeviaidentitycardsandcentralizedcomputers.Butthatseemeddubioustome:how,Iwondered,areyougoingtogeteverybodytogiveupmoneyinthefirstplace?17Note:kid(colloquial)child(common)transaction(alittleformal)business/trade(common)dubious(alittleformal)doubtful/unlikely(common)18ColloquialorInformalWordsColloquialorinformalwordsareusuallyshortwordsofoneortwosyllablesandmostofthemareofSaxonorigin.Colloquialorinformalwordsareoftenusedinspokenlanguageandinwritingaimedforaconversationaleffect.19Example:Youhaveyourtension.Sometimesyoucomeclosetohavinganaccident,thatupsetsyou.Youjustescapemaybebyahairorso.Sometimesmaybeyougetadisgruntledpassengeronthere,andstartsabigargument.Traffic.Youhavesomeonewhocutsyouofforstopsinfrontofthebus.There’salotoftensionbehindthat.Yougottowatchallthetime.You’rewatchin’thedrivers,you’rewatchin’othercars.Mostofthetimeyouhavetodrivefortheotherdrivers,toavoidhittingthem.Soyoutakethetensionhomewithyou.20Note:byahairorso:byalittlechanceonthere:Therecutsyouoff:makeyousuddenlystopThere’s:Thereisgotto:MustYou’re:Youarewatchin’:watching21SlangWordsSlangreferstonove