英国文学史SH2012-Part-V-Romanticism

RomanticisminEnglandGeneralIntroductionRomanticismisanartisticandintellectualmovementoriginatinginEuropeinthelate18thcenturyandcharacterizedbyaheightenedinterestinnature,emphasisontheindividual'sexpressionofemotionandimagination,departurefromtheattitudesandformsofclassicism,andrebellionagainstestablishedsocialrulesandconventions.GeneralIntroductionRomanticisminEngland:Time(1798-1832)1798:WordsworthandColeridgepublishedLyricalBallads1832:thedeathofSirWalterScottRomanticism,thepredominantliterarymodeofthefirstthirdofthe19thcentury,wasexpressedalmostentirelyinpoetry.EssenceTheglorificationofinstinctandemotionAdeepvenerationofnatureAflamingzealtoremaketheworldBackgroundI.FrenchRevolutionDuringtheRomanticperiod,almostalltheleadingwriterswereinsympathywithandwereinspiredbytheFrenchRevolution,thoughsomeofthemweredisappointedbyitswhiteterrorlater.WilliamHazlittdescribedtheFrenchRevolutionas“thedawnofanewera,”maintainingthatthenewpoetryoftheRomanticpoets“haditsoriginintheFrenchRevolution”.Itsidealsliberty,equality,andfraternity—hadaverystronginfluenceuponthewritersduringtheperiod.II.IndustrialRevolutionMajorLiteraryTraitRomanticismfavoredinnovationovertraditionalisminthematerials,forms,andstyleofliterature.Ithasthefollowingprominentcharacteristicswhichdistinguishitfromtheneoclassicalliteratureintroducedintheprevioussection.1.thespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings2.thecreationofaworldofimagination3.thereturntonatureformaterial4.glorificationofthecommonplace5.emphasisupontheexpressionofindividualgenius6.thereturntoMiltonandtheElizabethansforliterarymodels7.theinterestinoldstoriesandmedievalromances8.asenseofmelancholyandloneliness9.therebelliousspiritTheGreatRomanticThemesLibertarianism(supportforliberty)NatureTheLureoftheExoticTheSupernaturalMajorWritersPoetry:Passiveromanticists,LakePoets:WilliamWordsworth:LyricalBalladsColeridge:KublaKhanTheRimeofTheAncientMarinerRobertSoutheyLandscapeinLakeDistrictLakePoets,termlooselyappliedtothreeEnglishpoets,RobertSouthey,SamuelTaylorColeridge,andWilliamWordsworth,wholivedintheLakeDistrictofEngland.Activeromanticists:Byron:ChildeHarold’sPilgrimageOrientalTalesCainShelley:QueenMabOdetotheWestWindToaSkylarkJohnKeats:OdeOnaGrecianUrnOdetoaNightingaleNovels:JaneAusten:SenseandSensibilityPrideandPrejudiceMansfieldParkNorthangerAbbeyEmmaPersuasionWalterScott:WaverlyIvanhoeEssays:CharlesLambWilliamWordsworth(1770-1850)FamousQuotation...poetryisthespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings:ittakesitsoriginfromemotionrecollectedintranquility...(Preface)“所有的好诗都是炽烈情感的自然涌流，而这种情感又是经过在宁静中追忆的……”WordsworthinNatureThebeautifullandscapeoftheLakeDistrictinspiredtheyoungWordsworth;natureisacommonthemethatcanbefoundinmanyofhispoems.LifeandLiteraryCareerLifeintheLakeDistrict,earlyorphanage,sisterDorothy,influenceofnature1790-92:twovisitstoFrance,influenceoftheFrenchRevolution1795:settlementintheLakeDistrict,turningconservative1797:friendshipwithColeridge1798:LyricalBallads,acollaborationwithColeridge:markedthebreakwiththe18thc.poeticaltradition1834,PoetLaureate“WeWereThreePersonsWithOneSoul.”In1794,Wordsworthwasreunitedwithhissister,Dorothy;shortlyafter,hemetanotherpoet,SamuelTaylorColeridge,andtheybecameclosefriends.LiteraryWorksApoeticcareerof60years(age20-80),bestpoemswrittenbetween1797-1807Famouspoems:onnature:“Iwonderedlonelyasacloud”,“ToaSkylark”,“TotheCuckoo”,“TotheDaisy”,“TinternAbbey”onordinary,unfortunatepeople:“Lucypoems”,“TheSolitaryReaper”,“WeareSeven”,“TheIdiotBoy”,“SimonLee”,“Michael”,“TheOldCumberlandbeggar”autobiographical&philosophicalpoems:“ThePrelude”,“OdeonIntimationsofImmortality”LyricalBallads(1798)《抒情歌谣集》Significance:Markedthebreakwith18thcenturyclassicismandthebeginningofromanticisminEnglishpoetry“thePreface”(1800):manifestoofEnglishRomanticMovement,settingoutmostfundamentalprinciplesofromanticismLyricalBalladsWordsworthandColeridgesawthepoetryoftheNeo-classicalperiodasstaleandun-relatabletothepublic.ThetwoPoetsinitiatedtheRomanticerawiththeircollaborativecreation,LyricalBallads,Whichcontainedoldthemesandnewsubjects.LyricalBalladsOldformsbroughtbacktopoetry:TheNurseryRhymeBiblical/ScripturalThepopularballadNewsubjectsforpoetry:ChildrenandwomenCommonfolksandpeasantsPsychologicalaberrationsandalteredmentalstatesIdiocyandmadnessThenatureandpurposeofpoetryitselfTheGothicQuotefromLyricalBalladsPoetryisthebreathandfinerspiritofallknowledge;itistheimpassionedexpressionwhichisinthecountenanceofallScience.“WilliamWordsworthHisprinciplesofpoetryInPrefacetoLyricalBallads,Wordsworthsetforthhisprinciplesofpoetry.1.Subjects:1)Thegreatsubjectsofpoetryare“essentialpassionsoftheheart”and“thegreatandsimpleaffections”2)incidentsandsituationsfromcommonlife2.SourceofPoetry:feelings1)“allgoodpoetryisthespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings”2)emotionrecollectedintranquility3.Language:“reallanguageofmeninastateofvividsensation”(nopoeticdiction)4.FunctionofPoetry:toproducepleasure(aestheticpleasure)“Norletthisnecessityofprodu