定语从句 (简)

（一）定义及相关术语1.定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的词之后。2.先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。3.关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词关系代词有:that,which,who,whom,whose,as等关系副词有:when,where,why关系词通常有下列三个作用：A.引导定语从句；B.代替先行词；C.在定语从句中担当一个成分。Themanwhoisshakinghandswithmyfatherisapoliceman.（二）关系代词引导的定语从句1.who指人，在定语从句中作主语。TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.2.whom指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。Mr.Liuisthepersonwhomyoutalkedaboutonthebus.注意：关系代词whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用who来代替，也可省略。Themanwhom/whoyoumetjustnowismyoldfriend.3.which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.Thisisthepenwhichheboughtyesterday.4．that指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。Thenumberofpeoplethat/whocometovisitthiscityeachyearreachesonemillion.5.whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。Ivisitedascientistwhosenameisknownalloverthecountry.注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.（三）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.ThemanagerinwhosecompanyIworkpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingconditions.注意：1.含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等。Thisisthewatchwhich/thatIamlookingfor.ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.Thebabiesafterwhomthenurseislookingareveryhealthy.Thebabieswhom/who/thatthenurseislookingafterareveryhealthy.２.若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who,that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。Themanwithwhomyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbor.３.“介词+关系代词”前还可有some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代词或者数词。Heloveshisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad.Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.Uptonow,hehaswrittentenstories,threeofwhichareaboutcountrylife.（四）关系副词引导的定语从句1.when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametothisschool.Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallyarrived.2.where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.Ivisitedthefarmwherealotofcowswereraised.3.why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。Fromtheyearswhen/inwhichhewasgoingtoprimaryschoolinthecountryhehadknownwhathewantedtobewhenhegrewup.（五）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句A.限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则意思表达不完整。B.非限制性定语从句只是对先行词的补充说明，用逗号“，”与主句隔开，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。通常译成主句的并列句。关系词的使用上：A.（限）作宾语时可省略B.（非限）不可省略A．可用thatB．不用thatA．可用who代替whomB．不可用who代替whom非限制性定语从句举例：Hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.China,whichwasfoundedin1949,isbecomingmoreandmorepowerful.（一）限制性定语从句中只能用that引导定语从句的情况1.当先行词是everything,anything,nothing(something除外),all,none,few,little,some等代词时，或当先行词受every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等代词修饰时。HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lisaid?Thereseemstobenothingthatisimpossibletohimintheworld.Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who，Allthegueststhat/whowereinvitedtoherweddingwereimportantpeople.Anymanthat/whohasasenseofdutywon’tdosuchathing.2.当先行词被序数词修饰时。ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.3.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.4．当先行词被thevery,theonly修饰时。ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy.Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowns.注意：当先行词指人时，通常用关系代词who。WangHuaistheonlypersoninourschoolwhowillattendthemeeting.5.当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时。Whoisthemanthatisstandingbythegate?6.当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。Theytalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthattheyrememberedatschool（二）关系代词as和which引导的定语从句:1.as和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。Heishonest,as/whichwecansee.2.as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以在句中。which引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as常常有“正如、正像”的含义。Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.Heisfromthesouth,aswecanknowfromhisaccent.ZhangHuahasbeentoParismorethantentimes,whichIdon’tbelieve.注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。如：Tomwaslateforschoolagainandagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.3.当先行词受such,thesame,so修饰时，关系词常用as。I’veneverheardsuchstoriesashetells.Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.ThisisthesamedictionaryasIlostlastweek.注意：当先行词受thesame修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMary’swedding.Sheworethesamedressasheryoungersisterwore.(三)以theway为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由inwhich或that引导，还可以省略。Thewaythat/inwhichheansweredthequestionswassurprising.（四）关系代词与关系副词的选择用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中担当的成分。Iknowaplacewherewecanhaveapicnic.Iknowaplacewhich/thatisfamousforitsbeautifulnaturalscenery.Compare:Iwillneverforgetthedayswhenwespentourholidaystogether.Iwillneverforgetthedaysthat/whichwespenttogether.Thisisthereasonwhyhewasdismissed.Thisisthereasonthat/whichheexplainedtomeforhisnotattendingthemeeting.1.Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay,ofcourse,_____madetheothersunhappy.A.whichB.whoC.thisD.what2.AfterlivinginParisforfiftyyearshereturnedtothesmalltown_______hegrewupasachild.A.whichB.whenC.thatD.where3.Thegentleman_______youtoldmeyesterdayprovedtobeathief.A.whoB.aboutwhomC.whomD.withwhom4.Pleasetakeanyseat____isfree.A.whichB.whereC.inwhichD.that5.Theoldmanhastwosons,_______isasoldier.A.oneofwhomB.bothofthemC.allofwhomD.noneofthem6.Thisistheship_______wecrossedthePacific(太平洋).A.bywhichB