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定语从句定语从句(theAttributiveClause)：在句中起定语作用的从句叫定语从句，它所修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句的引导词有关系代词that,which,who,whom,whose,as和关系副词when,where,why。1）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句：限制性定语从句一般是必不可少的，因为其先行词具有不确定性；非限制性定语从句可有可无，因为其先行词是确定的。试比较：HisbrotherwhoworksinShanghaiwillcomeheretomorrow.他在上海工作的那个弟弟明天来这儿。（不止一个兄弟）Hisbrother,whoworksinShanghai,willcomeheretomorrow.他弟弟明天来这儿，他在上海工作。（一个兄弟）●专有名词之后的定语从句大多是非限制性的。In1920heleftEnglandforParis,whereheliveduntil1924.2）有关系代词和关系副词引导的定语从句的一般用法：●先行词是指人的名词时，用who,whom（在从句中作宾语）或that。如：Thatisthegirlwhom/thatImetattheparty.Hehadanunclewhowasaministerinthegovernment.●先行词表示事物时用which或that：Thesewatchesaremoreexpensivethanthosewhich/thatwesawinNewYork.●whose可以指人和物，在定语从句中作定语，如：Howmanystudentsarethereinyourclasswhosehomesareinthecountryside?Acat,whoseeyescantakeinmoreraysoflightthanours,canseeclearlyinthenight.●在时间名词后用when，如：SincethedaytheyleftItalyAnnahadthoughtofnothingelsebutthedaywhen/onwhichshewouldseehersonagain.●在表示地点或场合的名词后用where，如：Isthereariverwherewecouldbathe?EdgarwenttoJosephClarke’sschool,wherehestudiedLatin,Greek,andmathematics.●在reason后用why，如：Hedidn’tgivethereasonwhyhewasabsentyesterday.3）在口语中，在从句中作宾语的关系代词常常省去：Idon’tthinkI’veseenanything(that)Ilikebetter.Thefirstthing(that)I’mgoingtodowhenIgethomeissleepforawholeday.Thisisthebestfruit(that)wehavefound.4）有时，为了使句子平衡，定语从句与先行词可以分开。如：SomethinghadhappenedwhichIcouldnotunderstand.Thedaywillcomewhenmancanmakefulluseofsolarenergy.5）使用关系代词应注意的一些问题：●在现代英语中，先行词是anything,something,everything,nothing,all等不定代词时，最常用的关系代词是that：Matterisanythingthathasweightandtakesupspace.任何具有重量并占有空间的东西都是物质。Thereisnothing(that)Icanseeinthisroom.在这个房间里，我看不到任何东西。●在现代英语中，当先行词前有last,only,few,much,some,any,no,very形容词、序数词及形容词最高级等修饰语时，最常见的关系代词也是that。如：Thefirstmetalthatwasproducedbymanwascopper.人类生产的第一种金属是铜。Honeyistheonlyfoodthatdoesnotspoil.蜂蜜是唯一不会坏的食物。ThedinnerwasthemostexpensivemealthatIhadeverhad.这顿晚饭是我享用过的最贵的一顿了。●先行词既有人又有物时用that，如：Weweredeeplyimpressedbytheteachersandschoolthatwehadvisitedthere.●在以who,which开头的句子中为避免重复一般用that，如：Whoisthemanthatisstandingatthegate?那个站在门口的男人是谁？Whichisthehotelthatyoustayedatlastyear?你们去年住的酒店是哪一个？●先行词是疑问词what时用that：Whatdoesshedothat’ssodifferent?●关系代词在从句中作表语时用which，如：Myfatherisateacher,whichmymotherisnot.●主句是therebe句型时，关系代词用that，如：Therearealotofflowersthatwecanpick.6）由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句：“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句常见于正式语体。能做介词宾语的关系代词只有whom（指人）和which（指物）和whose。介词的确定主要取决于上下文。●根据谓语动词确定介词，如：Themagazinestowhichhesenthisstoriesareverypopularnationwide.(Hesenthisstoriestothemagazines.)●根据前面名词确定介词，如：Thisistheroominwhichhelivedformorethan20years.(intheroom)ThatwasthemeetingduringwhichIkeptfallingasleep.(duringthemeeting)●“名词/代词/数词/形容词比较级或最高级+介词+关系代词”结构，仅用于引导非限定性定语从句，其中的介词一般只能用of，使用的关系代词为代表事物的which和代表人的whom。这是“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句的进一步变化。It’safamilyoffivechildren,allofwhomarestudyingmedicine.Wehadameeting,thepurposeofwhichwascompletelyunclear.Therearethreebuildings,thetallestofwhichisdesignedbyEdward.●有时“介词+关系代词”引导的不是定语从句，而是一个不定式。如：Givemebutonefirmspotonwhichtostand,andIwillmovetheearth.只要给我一个站立的地方，我就能移动地球！Theyneedtwotreesabouttenfeetapartbetweenwhichtosuspendtheirtent.I’dliketofindonewithwhomtoplaytennis.7）as引导的定语从句：as可充当关系代词引导限制性和非限制性定语从句。●as引导非限制性定语从句时，一般指代整个主句。as在从句中可做主语或宾语，它引导的非限制性定语从句位置比较灵活，有时置于句子中间做插入语，有时也放在句子前部，往往用逗号与句子的其它部分分开。一般认为，as在定语从句中做主语，是其用作关系代词的典型用法。Shewasnotunconscious,as/whichcouldbeseenfromhereyes.Ascanbeseenfrommypaper,Iamnotasupporterofhistheory.Thiselephantishuge,asanybodycansee.Aswasusualwithhim,hewentoutforawalkafterdinner.Ihopetheprecautionsagainstairpollution,as(was)suggestedbythelocalgovernment,willbeseriouslyconsideredhere.注意：“as+过去分词”结构可以看作是as后省略了be，如上例。●as也可引导限制性定语从句，但仅仅局限于“thesame…as…”和“such…as…”两个固定结构中。Itwassuchasuccessfulpartyastheyallexpected.Thisisnotthesamequestionasyouaskedyesterday.另外：HeiswearingthesamecoatasIam.他穿的上衣和我穿的上衣一样。（同类）比较：Heiswearingthesamecoatthatheworeyesterday.他穿着昨天的衣服。（同一件）