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do主动语态被动语态句法功能一般式进行式完成式一般式完成式主宾表定状补不定式todotobedoingtohavedonetobedonetohavebeendone√√√√√√动词-ingdoinghavingdonebeingdonehavingbeendone√√√√√√过去分词done√√√√非谓语动词过去分词:表示动作是被动的和完成分词在句中可以作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语。I.Pastparticipleusedasattribute（定语）1.位置:单个分词位于名词前，短语则在名词后,被过去分词所修饰的名词，就是该分词的逻辑主语。Thestolencarwasfoundbythepolicelastweek.Thespeakeransweredallthequestionsraisedbytheaudience.作定语用的过去分词相当于形容词，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词。2.作用：相当于一个定语从句（2）Thebook,writtenin1957,tellsthestruggleoftheminers.=Isthereanythingthathasbeenplannedfortonight?（1）Isthereanythingplannedfortonight？=Thebook,whichwaswrittenin1957,tellsthestruggleoftheminers.注：Theproblem（discussedyesterday）hassomethingtodowithdailylife.（表示完成）Theproblem（beingdiscussednow）hasnothingtodowithdailylife.（表示正在进行）II.Pastparticiplesusedaspredictive（表语）1.过去分词作表语，表示主语所处的状态，被动或完成其逻辑主语就是句子的主语。Thewindowisbroken.Theinnergatewaslocked.Shewasgreatlyexcited.2.与动词-ing作表语的区别。现在分词：主语的特征或性质，“令人…”，有主动意思。e.g.Howdisappointingtheelectionis!过去分词：主语的感受，“感到…”，有被动意思。e.g.Theyfeeldisappointedattheelection.常见的这类词有：interesting—interestedencouraging—encourageddelighting—delighteddisappointing—disappointedpleasing—pleasedpuzzling—puzzledsatisfying—satisfiedsurprising—surprisedworrying—worriedamazing－amazedshocking－shockedIII.PastparticipleusedastheObjectComplement(宾语补足语)1.表“希望，要求”的动词：want,wish,expect,like,order+sth.+(tobe)done表示“希望/要求某人或某事被…”e.g.Iwantthework(tobe)finishedbySunday.Jimorderedtheroom(tobe)cleaned.能够接过去分词做宾语补足语的有下列三类动词：2.表“感觉，心理状态”的动词：see,hear,find,feel,think,watch,notice,observe,+sth.+donee.g.Wesawthethiefcaughtbythepolice.Peoplefoundthewaterpolluted.HaveyouheardapopsongsunginJapanese?3.使役动词:make,get,have,keep,leave,etc.e.g.Wemustgetthetableclothwashed.=Wemustasksomebodytowashthetablecloth.Hehadhiswatchrepaired.4.在“with/without＋宾语＋宾补(过去分词)”这一结构中，过去分词与宾语之间是动宾关系。e.g.Doyouknowthemanwithhishairtiedback?Withthemattersettled,weallwenthome.使役动词have接过去分词作宾补有两种情况。1.过去分词所表示的动作由他人完成。Hehadhismoneystolen.他的钱给偷了。（被别人偷去了）2.过去分词所表示的动作由句中的主语所经历。如：Hehadhislegbroken.他的腿断了。（自己的经历）过去分词,不定式,动词-ing作宾补的区别:三者与宾语逻辑上都是主谓关系，但过去分词强调他们之间的被动关系，不带to的不定式强调动作发生的全过程，动词-ing强调他们之间的主动关系，正在进行。Isawhercomeintotheclassroom.Isawhercomingintotheclassroom.Isawhertakenoutoftheclassroom.IV.PastparticipleusedastheAdverbial(状语)过去分词作状语相当于状语从句，表示被动和完成。e.g.1.Askedwhyhedidn’tdoit,hebegantocry.过去分词作时间状语相当于时间状语从句(Whenhewas)askedwhyhedidn’tdoit,hebegantocry.e.g.2.Givenmoretime,I’llcatchupwithyou.过去分词作条件状语相当于条件状语从句(IfIam)givenmoretime,I’llcatchupwithyou.e.g.3.Bornandbroughtupinthevillage,heknowsalotofpeoplethere.过去分词作原因状语相当于原因状语从句(Becausehewas)bornandbroughtupinthevillage,heknowsalotofpeoplethere.e.g.4.Defeatedmanytimes,theycontinuetofight.过去分词作让步状语相当于让步状语从句(Althoughtheyhadbeen)defeatedmanytimes,theycontinuedtofight.e.g.5.Theteacherenteredtheclassroom,followedbyagroupofstudents.表示方式和伴随情况时可以转换为一个并列的谓语成分。Theteacherenteredtheclassroom(andhewasfollowed)byagroupofstudent.过去分词作状语时,为了使意义更加明确,也可以在过去分词前加上对应的连词when,while，though，unless，as,if，等等.4.Althoughdefeatedmanytimes,theycontinuetofight.3.As/Becausebornandbroughtupinthevillage,heknowsalotofpeoplethere.2.Ifgivenmoretime,I’llcatchupwithyou.1.Whenaskedwhyhedidn’tdoit,hebegantocry.注意：带有连词的过去分词结构相当于一个省略句,省略的部分为主语+be的相应变化形式.注意：现在分词与过去分词作状语时的区别_______________London(夜里参观伦敦)atnight,youareabitlikeinadream.____________(当有人夜里来访)atnight,youmustmakesurethevisitorreallyyourfriend.WhenvisitingWhenvisited1.选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出，分词就选用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。_____________________________(写完了所有的信之后)，Ihadadrinkandwentout.Havingfinishedallmyletters___________(信写完之后)，thelettershouldbereadtotheonewhoasksyoutowriteit.Finished从山顶看，我们能看到一个美丽的公园。从山顶看，公园很美丽。Seeingfromthetopofthehill,wecanseeabeautifulpark.Seenfromthetopofthehill,theparkisbeautiful.____inthought,healmostranintothecarinfrontofhim.(lose)______inwhite,shelooksmorebeautiful.(dress)belost/absorbedin；bedressedin；beinterestedin；bedevotedto；becaughtintherain；beseatedin；bepreparedfor；bedeterminedto；betiredof;bebornin;behiddenin;bestationedinLost2.系表结构表示主语所处的状态Dressed类似的还有：注意：独立主格当我们在使用过去分词作状语时，过去分词的动作发出者必须和主句谓语动词的动作发出者是同一个人或物。如果动作发出者不是同一人或物，不能使用过去分词，必须使用独立主格（主语+过去分词）。•Watchedonthetopofthehill,thecitylooksverybeautiful.（）•Watchedonthetopofthehill,Ifoundthecityverybeautiful.（）•改：Thecitywatchedonthetopofthehill,Ifounditverybeautiful.rightwrong•再举独立主格的例子：•１Theprojectcompletedsuccessfully,wesanganddancedallthenight.２Allthingsconsidered,we’dbettertakepartintheactivity.３Herushedintotheclassroom,hisfacecoveredwithsweat.Exercise:1.Themanagersdiscussedtheplanthattheywouldliketosee____thenextyear.A.carryoutB.carryingoutC.carriedoutD.tocarryout2.Mrs.Brownwasmuchdisappointedtoseethewashingmachineshehadhad_______wentwrongagain.A.itB.itrepairedC.repairedD.toberepaired3.Withalotofdifficultproblems_____,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.A.settledB.settlingC.tosettleD.beingsettled4.Withtrees,flowersandgrass_____everywhere,mynativetownhadtakenanewlook.A.plantingB.plantedC.toplantD.tobeplanted5.Shewasgladtoseeherchildwell_____careof.A.takeB.tobetakenC.takenD.taking6.Theresultoftheentranceexams