第一节:Leadingandmanaging领导和管理Effectivemanagersarenotnecessarilytrueleaders.Manyadministrators,supervisors,andeventopexecutivesexecutetheirresponsibilitieswithoutbeinggreatleaders.有效的管理者不一定是真正的领导者。许多执行重要职责的行政人员、主管、甚至高层管理者并不是杰出的领导者。Whilemanymanagersfocusonsuperficialactivitiesandworryaboutshort-termprofitsandstockprices,toofewhaveemergedasleaderswhofosterinnovationandattainmentoflong-termgoals当许多管理者忙于日常琐事,为短期利润和股票价格担心时,极少数人致力于创新和长期目标的实现,他们就是真正的领导者。第十二章:Leadership领导领导是管理的重要职能之一,本章对领导作了一个初步的介绍,主要内容有:领导和管理;领导和追随者;权力和领导;理解领导风格的传统理论;当代领导视角和发展你的领导技能等。Whereasmanymanagersareoverlyconcernedwithfittinginandnotrockingtheboat,thosewhoemergeasleadersaremoreconcernedwithmakingimportantdecisions当许多管理者过分的关心他们是否胜任和是否对工作有负作用时,而那些领导者更关心作出重要决策。第二节:Leadingandfollowing领导和追随者(员工)Organizationssucceedorfailnotonlybecauseofhowwelltheyareledbutbecauseofhowwellfollowingsfollow.Themosteffectivefollowersarecapableofindependentthinkingandatthesametimeareactivelycommittedtoorganizationalgoals组织所成败不仅仅在于领导,还在于员工。最有效的员工是有能力独立思考,同时积极的对组织的目标承担责任。Theymasterskillsthatareusefultotheirorganizations,andtheyholdperformancestandardsthatarehigherthanrequired.他们(追随者)掌握了对组织有用的技能,他们的工作业绩高于所要求的业绩。第三节:Powerandleadership权力和领导Centraltoeffectiveleadershipispower—theabilitytoinfluenceotherpeople.有效领导的核心是权力—影响其他人的能力。Sourcesofpower权力的来源Leadershavefiveimportantpotentialsourcesofpowerinorganizations.在组织里,领导的权力有五个重要的潜在来源。1legitimatepower合法权Theleaderwithlegitimatepowerhastheright,ortheauthority,totellotherswhattodo;employeesareobligatedtocomplywithlegitimateorders.领导的合法权是指告诉别人作什么的权力,员工有义务服从这种权力。Forexample,asupervisortellsanemployeetoremoveasafetyhazard,andtheemployeeremovesthehazardbecausehehastoobeytheauthorityofhisboss.例如,一个主管告诉员工放弃一个胜算较大的冒险,员工停止了冒险,因为他不得不服从老板的权威。2Rewardpower奖励权Theleaderwhohasrewardpowerinfluencesothersbecauseshecontrolsvaluedrewards;peoplecomplywiththeleader’swishesinordertoreceivethoserewards.有奖励权的领导者能够影响其他人,因为他控制着价值的奖赏;为了得到那些奖赏,人们服从领导的意愿。Forexample,amanagerworkshardtoachieveherperformancegoalstogetapositiveperformancereviewandabigpayraisefromherboss.Ontheotherhand,ifcompanypolicydictatesthateveryonereceivethesamesalaryincrease,aleader’srewardpowerdecreasesbecauseheorsheisunabletogivehigherraises.例如,管理者努力工作达到她的绩效目标,从而她得到正面的绩效评价和从老板那里得到较大的加薪。另一方面,如果公司政策显示每个人得到相同的工资增加量,那么老板的奖励权就会减少,因为她或他不能得到更高的增加量。3Coercivepower强制权Theleaderwithcoercivepowerhascontroloverpunishments;peoplecomplytoavoidthosepunishments.具有强制权的领导有对处罚的控制,人们为了避免那些处罚而服从。Ingeneral,lower-levelmanagershavelesslegitimate,coercive,andrewardpowerthandomiddle-andhigher-levelmanagers.通常,低层的管理者比中层和高层管理者有更少的合法权、强制权和奖励权。4Referentpower模范权Theleaderwithreferentpowerhaspersonalcharacteristicsthatappealtoother;peoplecomplybecauseofadmiration,adesireforapproval,personalliking,oradesiretobeliketheleader.具有模范权的领导具有吸引其他人的个性特征;人们因为钦佩、赞同、个人喜欢或期望象领导者一样而服从。Forexample,young,ambitiousmanagersemulatetheworkhabitsandpersonalstyleofasuccessful,charismaticexecutive.例如,年轻的、有雄心的管理者积极的模仿成功的、有魅力的管理者的工作习惯和个人风格。5Expertpower专长权Theleaderwhohasexpertpowerhascertainexpertiseorknowledge;peoplecomplybecausetheybelievein,canlearnfrom,orcanotherwisegainfromthatexpertise.具有专长权的领导有某种专长或知识;人们因为相信他、能够从他那里学到东西或从他的专长里得到利益而服从。第四节:Traditionalapproachestounderstandingleadership理解领导的传统理论Threetraditionalapproachestostudyingleadershiparethetraitapproach,thebehavioralapproach,andthesituationalapproach.研究领导的三种传统理论是:特性理论、行为理论和情景理论。1Leadertraits领导特性TraitapproachAleadershipperspectivethatfocusesonindividualleadersandattemptstodeterminethepersonalcharacteristicsthatgreatleadersshare.特性理论:关注领导者个人并试图确定伟大领导者们所共有的特性。1Drive进取Drivereferstoasetofcharacteristicsthatreflectahighlevelofeffort.Driveincludeshighneedforachievement,constantstrivingforimprovement,ambition,energy,tenacity,andinitiative.进取指的是反映高水平努力的一系列个性特征。进取包括对成功的强烈欲望、持续的努力提高、抱负、精力、坚韧和主动性。2Leadershipmotivation领导动机Greatleadersnotonlyhavedrive;theywanttolead.Theyhaveahighneedforpower,preferringtobeinleadershipratherthanfollowerpositions.伟大的领导不仅有进取心;而且他们有领导的欲望。他们有强烈的权力欲望,喜欢领导别人而不是被领导。3Integrity正直Integrityisthecorrespondencebetweenactionsandwords.正直是指言行一致。4self-confidence自信Self-confidenceisimportantforanumberofreasons.Theleadershiproleischallenging,andsetbacksareinevitable.Self-confidenceallowsaleadertoovercomeobstacles,makedecisionsdespiteuncertainty,andinstillconfidenceinothers.有许多原因表明自信是重要的。领导者的角色是挑战性的,挫折是不可避免的,自信能让领导者克服障碍,在不确定的环境下决策,把自信逐渐的传给其他人。5Knowledgeofthebusiness业务知识Effectiveleadershaveahighlevelofknowledgeabouttheirindustries,companies,andtechnicalmatters.Leadersmusthavetheintelligencetointerpretvastquantitiesofinformation.有效的领导者对他们的行业、公司和技术问题了解很多。领导者必须有才能去解释大量的信息。DiscussionquestionsIsthereadifferencebetweeneffectivemanagementandeffectiveleadership?Explainyourviews.有效管理和有效领导有区别吗?解释你的看法。Doyouthinkmenandwomendifferintheirleadershipstyles?Ifso,how?男性和女性的领导风格不同吗?如果不同,说出有什么不同?2Leaderbehaviors领导行为BehavioralapproachAleadershipperspectivethatattemptstoidentifywhatgoodleadersdo—thatis,whatbehaviorstheyexhibit.行为理论:尝试去识别好的领导做什么,即他们展示了什么行为Threegeneralcategoriesofleadershipbehaviorhavereceivedparticularatt