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ComputerEnglishChapter1TheHistoryandFutureofComputersChapter1TheHistoryandFutureofComputers计算机专业英语1-2Keypoints:usefultermsanddefinitionsofcomputersDifficultpoints:describingthefeaturesofcomputersofeachgenerationChapter1TheHistoryandFutureofComputers计算机专业英语1-3Requirements:1.Thetrendsofcomputerhardwareandsoftware2.Basiccharacteristicsofmoderncomputers3.Majorcharacteristicsofthefourgenerationsofmoderncomputers4.了解科技英语的特点，掌握科技英语翻译要点Chapter1TheHistoryandFutureofComputers计算机专业英语1-4NewWords&Expressions:computerlikea.计算机似的electromechanicala.机电的,电机的vacuumtubes真空管CensusBureau人口普查局thousandsof成千上万的knownas通常所说的，以……著称1.1TheInventionoftheComputerAbbreviations:ENIAC(ElectronicNumericalIntegratorandComputer)电子数字积分计算机，ENIAC计算机EDSAC(ElectronicDelayStorageAutomaticComputer)延迟存储电子自动计算机BINAC(BinaryAutomaticComputer)二进制自动计算机UNIVAC(UniversalAutomaticComputer)通用自动计算机Chapter1TheHistoryandFutureofComputers计算机专业英语1-5Itishardtosayexactlywhenthemoderncomputerwasinvented.Startinginthe1930sandthroughthe1940s,anumberofmachinesweredevelopedthatwerelikecomputers.Butmostofthesemachinesdidnothaveallthecharacteristicsthatweassociatewithcomputerstoday.Thesecharacteristicsarethatthemachineiselectronic,thatithasastoredprogram,andthatitisgeneralpurpose.很难确切地说现代计算机是什么时候发明的。从20世纪30年代到40年代，制造了许多类似计算机的机器。但是这些机器大部分没有今天我们所说的计算机的所有特征。这些特性是：机器是电子的，具有储存的程序,而且是通用的。1.1TheInventionoftheComputerChapter1TheHistoryandFutureofComputers计算机专业英语1-61.1TheInventionoftheComputerOneofthefirstcomputerlikedeviceswasdevelopedinGermanybyKonradZusein1941.CalledtheZ3,itwasgeneral-purpose,stored-programmachinewithmanyelectronicparts,butithadamechanicalmemory.AnotherelectromechanicalcomputingmachinewasdevelopedbyHowardAiken,withfinancialassistancefromIBM,atHarvardUniversityin1943.ItwascalledtheAutomaticSequenceControlCalculatorMarkI,orsimplytheHarvardMarkI.Neitherofthesemachineswasatruecomputer,however,becausetheywerenotentirelyelectronic.第一个类似计算机的装置之一是1941年由德国的KonradZuse研制的，叫做Z3,它是通用型储存程序机器，具有许多电子部件，但是它的存储器是机械的。另一台机电式计算机器是由霍华德.艾坎在IBM的资助下于1943年在哈佛大学研制的。它被称为自动序列控制计算器MarkI,或简称哈佛MarkI。然而，这些机器都不是真正的计算机,因为它们不是完全电子化的。Chapter1TheHistoryandFutureofComputers计算机专业英语1-71.1.1TheENIACPerhapsthemostinfluentialoftheearlycomputerlikedeviceswastheElectronicNumericalIntegratorandComputer,orENIAC.ItwasdevelopedbyJ.PresperEckertandJohnMauchlyattheUniversityofPennsylvania.Theprojectbeganin1943andwascompletedin1946.Themachinewashuge;itweighed30tonsandcontainedover18,000vacuumtubes.也许早期最具影响力的类似计算机的装置应该是电子数字积分计算机，或简称ENIAC。它是由宾夕凡尼亚大学的J.PresperEckert和JohnMauchly研制的。该工程于1943年开始，并于1946年完成。这台机器极其庞大，重达30吨，而且包含18,000多个真空管。1.1TheInventionoftheComputerChapter1TheHistoryandFutureofComputers计算机专业英语1-81.1.1TheENIACTheENIACwasamajoradvancementforitstime.Itwasthefirstgeneral-purpose,electroniccomputingmachineandwascapableofperformingthousandsofoperationspersecond.Itwascontrolled,however,byswitchesandplugsthathadtobemanuallyset.Thus,althoughitwasageneral-purposeelectronicdevice,itdidnothaveastoredprogram.Therefore,itdidnothaveallthecharacteristicsofacomputer.ENIAC是当时重要的成就。它是第一台通用型电子计算机器，并能够执行每秒数千次运算。然而,它是由开关和继电器控制的，必须手工设定。因此，虽然它是一个通用型电子装置，但是它没有储存程序。因此,它不具备计算机的所有特征。1.1TheInventionoftheComputerChapter1TheHistoryandFutureofComputers计算机专业英语1-91.1.1TheENIACWhileworkingontheENIAC,EckertandMauchlywerejoinedbyabrilliantmathematician,JohnvonNeuman.Together,theydevelopedtheideaofastoredprogramcomputer.Thismachine,calledtheElectronicDiscreteVariableAutomaticComputer,orEDVAC,wasthefirstmachinewhosedesignincludedallthecharacteristicsofacomputer.Itwasnotcompleted,however,until1951.在ENIAC的研制中，一个天才的数学家VonNeuman(冯.诺伊曼)加入到Eckert和Mauchly团队,他们一起提出了储存程序计算机的主意。这部机器被称做电子离散变量自动计算机,或简称EDVAC,是第一部包括了计算机所有特征的机器。然而,直到1951年，它一直没有完成。1.1TheInventionoftheComputerChapter1TheHistoryandFutureofComputers计算机专业英语1-101.1.1TheENIACBeforetheEDVACwasfinished,severalothermachineswerebuiltthatincorporatedelementsoftheEDVACdesignofEckert,Mauchly,andvonNeuman.OnewastheElectronicDelayStorageAutomaticComputer,orEDSAC,whichwasdevelopedinCambridge,England.ItfirstoperatedinMayof1949andisprobablytheworld’sfirstelectronicstored-program,general-purposecomputertobecomeoperational.ThefirstcomputertooperateintheUnitedStateswastheBinaryAutomaticComputer,orBINAC,whichbecameoperationalinAugustof1949.在EDVAC完成之前，其他一些机器建成了，它们吸收了Eckert、Mauchly和Neuman设计的要素。其中一部是在英国剑桥研制的电子延迟存储自动计算机,或简称EDSAC，它在1949年5月首次运行，它可能是世界的第一台电子储存程序、通用型计算机投入运行。在美国运行的第一部计算机是二进制自动计算机,或简称BINAC,它在1949年8月投入运行。1.1TheInventionoftheComputerChapter1TheHistoryandFutureofComputers计算机专业英语1-111.1TheInventionoftheComputer1.1.2TheUNIVACILikeothercomputingpioneersbeforethem,EckertandMauchlyformedacompanyin1947todevelopacommercialcomputer.ThecompanywascalledtheEckert-MauchlyComputerCorporation.TheirobjectivewastodesignandbuildtheUniversalAutomaticComputerorUNIVAC.Becauseofdifficultiesofgettingfinancialsupport,theyhadtosellthecompanytoRemingtonRandin1950.EckertandMauchlycontinuedtoworkontheUNIVACatRemingtonRandandcompleteditin1951.KnownastheUNIVACI,thismachinewasthefirstcommerciallyavailablecomputer.像他们之前的其他计算机先驱一样,Eckert和Mauchl