2020年专升本英语语法精品讲义

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定语从句(一)在复合句中,修饰某一名词、代词、数词、短语或整个句子的句子。被修饰的词叫先行词,定语从句放在先行词后,中间要有引导词来引导,引导词要在从句中作成分。定语从句的引导词包括关系代词(who,whom,whose,that,which,as)和关系副词(when,where,why)。关系代词1.who修饰“人”作主语,口语中可作宾语。Thisisthemanwhooftenhelpsme.(who作主语)(这就是那个经常帮助我的人)Themanwhoyoujusttalkedtoisateacher.(who作介词to的宾语)你刚才同他谈话的那个人是个老师。2.whom修饰“人”作宾语。可省略,但在介词后和非限制性定语从句中不可省略。Thedoctor(who/whom)youarelookingforisintheroom.你在找的那位医生在屋子里。3.whose是who,which的所有格,作定语,修饰“人”“物”表所属关系。Thisisabookwhosecoverisblue.这是一本封面是蓝色的书。4.that修饰“人”“物”作主语、宾语、表语。Iwantamanthat/whounderstandsEnglish.我需要一个懂英语的人。Heisnotthemanthatheusedtobe.他已不是以前的他了。ThisisthepicturethatIboughtyesterday.这就是我昨天买的那幅画。5.which(1)修饰“物”作主语、宾语。Thebuildingwhichstandsneartheriverisourschool.耸立在河旁边的那幢房子是我们的学校。(2)修饰句子中的短语、整个句子,作主语、宾语,常引导一非限制性定语从句,有时可插在句中。IhavetoworkonSunday,whichIdon’tlike.我星期天得上班,这点我不喜欢。Theytriedtocatchthebird,whichwasimpossible.他们想抓住那只鸟,而这是不可能的。(3)修饰一短语、句子时,也可作定语,使句子更加明确。Hecamebacklate,bywhichtimealltheguestshadalreadyleft.他回来迟了,到那个时候所有的客人都已经走了。Iwastoldtogonotbytrainbutbybus,whichadviceIfollowed.有人告诉我不要乘火车而乘汽车,我听从了此建议。6.as(1)在限制性定语从句中,若先行词被thesame,such,as,so所修饰,从句的引导词用as,作主语、宾语。Idislikesuchstudentsasarecareless.我不喜欢那些粗心的学生。I’lllendyouasmuchmoneyasyouneed.我会借给你所需要的那么多钱。(2)作为关系代词,as可引导非限制性定语从句,修饰一短语或整个句子,也可插在句中。Asweknow,theearthgoesroundthesun.众所周知,地球绕着太阳转。Thenumberofthevisitors,aswehadexpected,waswellovertwohundred.来访者的数目远远超过两百人,这是我们预料之中的。关系副词when(时间);where(地点);why(原因)作状语(1)IstillrememberthedaywhenIwasborn.(2)ThisisthehousewhereIlivedtwoyearsago.(3)Canyoutellmethereasonwhyyoudidit?定语从句中的关系副词可由“介词+which”来代替,以上(1)句中的when=onwhich(2)句中的where=inwhich(3)句中的why=forwhich语法专练1.Ihaveseenthefilm,________leadingactorismyfavourite.A.itsB.thatC.whoseD.which解析:定语从句修饰film,引导词在定语从句中作leadingactor的定语,表所属关系。答案:C2.Thegirl________everybodyhadthoughtcouldwinagoldmedalfailedatlast.A.whoB.whomC.whatD./解析:everybodyhadthought为插入语,定语从句引导词在句中作couldwinagoldmedal的主语。答案:A3.Doyouthinkthereason________hegaveisbelievable?A.forwhichB.whichC.whyD.forthat解析:句意为:你认为他给出的理由可信么?which作gave的宾语,故用关系代词。答案:B4.Thisisthejob________theylaughed.A.whichB.thatC.atwhichD.atthat解析:句意为:这是个他们嘲笑的工作。laughat表“嘲笑……”,which作at的宾语。答案:C5.BeihaiParkisoneofthemostbeautifulparks________builtabout300yearsagoinBeijing.A.whichwasB.whichwereC.thatwereD.wherewere解析:定语从句修饰parks,且在定语从句中引导词作主语,由于先行词有最高级修饰,故只能用that。答案:C6.Onthetableshefoundapieceofpaper________somepuzzlingsecretcodes.A.whichwaswrittenB.thatwaswrittenC.onwhichwerewrittenD.onthatwaswritten解析:定语从句修饰paper,意为“纸上写着令人迷惑的密码”。后面是倒装句。答案:C7.Idon’tliketheway________hespoketome.A.whatB.bywhichC.bythatD./解析:定语从句修饰way,引导词作状语时可用inwhich/that/不填。答案:D8.Hemakesgooduseofthetime________hecanspare.A.thatB.inwhichC.inthatD.when解析:句意为:他充分利用了他能腾出的时间,引导词that作spare的宾语。答案:A9.Itwasameeting________importanceIdidnotrealizeatthetime.A.whichB.atwhichC.itsD.whose解析:定语从句修饰meeting,引导词whose在定语从句中作importance的定语,表所属关系。答案:D10.Thisisthefactory________theyvisitedtheotherday.A.thatB.whereC.towhichD.what解析:句意为:这是一个他们那天参观的工厂。引导词that在定语从句中作visited的宾语。答案:A11.Heisnotthesameman________heusedtobe.A./B.whichC.asD.what解析:定语从句的先行词被thesame修饰时,定语从句的引导词用as,此句中as作be的表语。答案:C12.Inanopenboat,thefourmen,________adoctor,metwithastormonthesea.A.oneofthemwasB.oneofthemwereC.oneofwhomwasD.oneofwhomwere解析:中间是一定语从句修饰fourmen,表示部分与整体的关系,whom作of的宾语。答案:C定语从句(二)1.whom,which在定语从句中可作介词的宾语,这样的介词一般放在whom,which之前也可放在原来的位置上。that也可作介词宾语,但介词不能放在that前,只能放在原位置上;含有介词的固定词组,介词也只能放在原位置上。ThisisthenursetowhomTomspokejustnow.=ThisisthenursewhomTomspoketojustnow.这就是那个Tom刚才跟她谈话的护士。Thechildwhomyoutakecareofisill.你照看的那小孩病了。2.定语从句中用that不用which情况(1)先行词是序数词或被序数词、形容词最高级以及thevery,theonly修饰。ThisisthefirstfilmthatIhaveseenatthiscinema.这是我在这个剧院看的第一部电影。(2)先行词为不定代词all,one,none,anything,everything,nothing,little,much,few等或被much,little,just,few,no,any,every等所修饰。Hehaslittletimethathecanspare.他一点时间也抽不出。IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?有什么需要我帮忙的吗?(3)当定语从句的先行词包括人或物时。Lookatthegirlandherdogthatarecrossingthebridge.看看正在过桥的那个女孩和她的狗。(4)前面已有疑问词who,which时,为避免重复。Whichisthebookthatyoulost?你丢失的书是哪本书?Whoistheladythatisplayingthepiano?那个弹钢琴的女士是谁?(5)当先行词是疑问代词what时。WhatdidTomhearthatmadehimverysad?Tom听到什么话使他那么悲伤?(6)当指人、物的关系代词作表语时。Heisnotthemanthatheusedtobe.他已不是以前的他了。(7)在Therebe句型中。There’sstillaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.角落处仍有一个空着的座位。3.as与which引导非限制性定语从句,修饰一短语或整个句子时的区别。(1)as引导的定语从句可置于句首、句中、句末,但which只能置于句中,句末。Ihelpedhimwithhishomework,as/whichwasmyduty.我帮他做作业,这是我的职责。Aswasmyduty,Ihelpedhimwithhishomework.(2)as常用于某些短语中。如:asissaidabove,asisknown,asisreported/announced,asitis或出现在appear,expect,think,suppose,mention等表猜测,想象,预测的动词中。Hewaslateagain,aswasexpected.他又迟到,这是预料之中的事。(3)which引导的定语从句和主句往往有因果关系或which从句是对主句的评论。Thestreethasn’tbeencleanedforweeks,whichmakesitverydirty.街道已几个星期没清扫了,显得非常脏。Theyoungmancheatedhisfriendofmuchmoney,whichwasdisgraceful.那个青年骗了他朋友许多钱,这是丢脸的事。(4)which修饰一短语、句子时可作定语,但as不可。ChaplinwenttotheStatesin1910,bywhichtimehehadlearnttodanceandactincomedies.卓别林于1910年到了美国,到那时他已学会在喜剧中跳舞、表演了。(5)定语从句还可由“名词/代词+ofwhich/whom”来引导,表部分与整体或所属关系。Chinahashundredsofislands,thelargestofwhich(=ofwhichthelargest)isTaiwan.中国有成千上万的岛屿,其中最大的是台湾。The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