十八世纪的英国(英文版)

EnglishLiteratureintheEighteenthCenturyI.HistoricalBackground1.1.PolititcalandsocialbackgroundAfterthechaotic17thcentury,Englandenteredacomparativelypeacefulperiod.AftertheGloriousRevolution,theageofconstitutionalmonarchybeganinBritain.thebourgeoisie-----thearistocracythestatepowerpassedfromthekinggraduallytotheParliamentandthecabinetministers.avastexpansionofBritishcoloniesinAsia,AfricaandNorthAmerica,andacontinuousincreaseofcolonialwealthandtradeprovidedEnglandwithamarketforwhichthesmall-scale,manualproductionmethodsofthehomeindustrywerehardlyadequate.inventionoftextilemachinesandotherkindsofmachinery.Scienceandtechnologydevelopedveryfast.IndustrialRevolutionEnclosuremovementTowardsthemiddleofthe19thcentury,Britainhadbecomethefirstpowerfulcapitalistcountryintheworld.AbigindustrialandcolonialcapitalistpowerPeopleenjoyedtheprolongedsocialstabilityandeconomicgrowth.1.2CulturalBackgroundTheEnlightenmentMovementwasinfullswinginEnglandduringthisperiod.anintellectualmovementbeginninginFranceandthenspreadthroughoutEurope.acontinuationofRenaissanceinbeliefinthepossibilityofhumanperfectionthrougheducationManyintellectualswantedtoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodernphilosophical,scientificandartisticideas.toreplacefeudalistthoughtsandthenoble-classideologywithbourgeoisideologyTheybelievedthatreasonshouldbetheonlyyardstickforthemeasurementofallhumanactivities.TheAgeofReasonTheenlightenersadvocatedreason,scienceandequalityandfoughtagainstinjustice,inequalityandoppression.anintellectual/culturalrevolutionFormaterialismandagainstidealismtoreinforcethebourgeoisie'spowerandleadingpositionII.Literatureinthisperiodthreemaindivisionsclassicismthebeginningsofthemodernnoveltheappearanceofpre-romanticism(theappearanceofsentimentalism)2.1.Classicism(neo-classicism)Timespan:lastdecadesof17thcenturytothefirsthalfofthe18thcenturyReactionagainstthepassionAllformsofliteratureshouldbemodeledaftertheancientGreekandRomanwriters.order,logic,restrainedemotionandaccuracyseekproportion,unity,harmonyandgraceinliteraryexpressionsClassicistshadsomefixedrulesandlawsforeveryliteraturegenre.proseshouldbeprecise,direct,smoothandflexiblePoetryshouldbelyrical,didacticDramashouldfollowthethree-unityprinciple,unityoftime,spaceandactionsRepresentativewriters:AlexanderPope,SamuelJohnson,RichardSteel2.2thebeginningsofthemodernnovelTheriseandgrowthoftherealisticnovelisthemostprominentachievementinthe18thcenturyEnglishliterature.Theearlyliterature------servedthefeudalaristocraticclass.aboutkings,queens,princes,feudallordsandtheirwayoflife.Aftertherevolution-----ordinaryaspectsofthemiddleclassbecameamajorsourceofinterestinEnglishliterature.Ceryantese’sDonQuixoteRepresentativewriters:DanielDefoe,SamuelRichardson,HenryFielding2.3．TheappearanceofsentimentalismBythemiddleofthe18thcentury,sentimentalismappeared.Theyfoundthepowerofreasonwasinefficient.Sotheyappealedtosentimentasameansofachievinghappinessandsocialjustice.Theappearanceanddevelopmentofsentimentalistpoetrymarksthemidwayinthetransitionfromclassicismtoitsoppositeromanticisminpoetry.Representativewriters:LaurenceSterne2.4．Pre-Romanismlate18thcenturyprotestagainstthebondageofclassicismemphasizepassionandemotionAshiftfromtheclassicliterarytraditiontooriginalityandimagination,fromsocietytoindividual.Representativewriters:WilliamBlakeandRobertBurnsI.LifeExperienceborninabusinessfamily,healsoshowedinterestinit.underwentalotofupsanddownsnearlysixty,embarkedonanewcareerasnovelist.DanielDefoe(1661-1731)II.MajorworksRobinsonCrusoe(1719)CaptainSingleton(1720)（辛格顿船长）MollFlanders(1722)（摩尔弗兰德斯）III.IntroductionofMollFlandersShewasawoman:twelveyearsawhore,fivetimesawife,andtwelveyearsathief,eightyearsatransportedfeloninVirginia.典妻ShamesonSon4IV.IntroductionofRobinsonCrusoeRobinsonCrusoeIsland1.MainideaBecauseofshipwreck,helivesinanislandfor28years.2.Characteranalysisself-reliant,diligent,patient,thrifty,resourceful,energetic,courageousandpersistentinovercomingobstaclesandinstrugglingagainstthehostilenaturalforces.35tenFooddryfoodknifecompassDogtorchaxespeopleGeneratorcalendarcomputerPhonetentbookspotClothesumbrellaumbrellatoothbrushLighterpenbasinshampooMedicineseedhouseshipHammersawnapkinropeGunpowderMatchlightermirrorgunBiblepersondomesticatedsomewildanimalsgoatsheep3.ThemeastoryofseaadventuresToreaditpolitically,workofcolonialexpansionToreaditsocially,it’sasongforthemiddleclasspeople3.ThemeastoryofseaadventuresToreaditpolitically,workofcolonialexpansionToreaditsocially,it’sasongforthemiddleclasspeopleV.Defoe’sWritingFeatures1.anti-feudal,anti-romanticrealisticwriter2.Mostofhisworkstracethewanderinglifeoftheheroandheroine3.haveastrongverisimilitudethefirstperson,greatdetailspecifictimeandplace4.Hislanguageissmooth,easy,andcolloquialandmostlyvernacular(本土化),butnotcoarseSometimeshissentencesareshortandsometimesareverylongandsometimesevenwithoutpauses,whichgivehisstyleanurgent,immediate,breathlessquality..