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FiguresofSpeechFiguresOfSpeechInEnglishStylisticsSimileAfigureofspeechinwhichonethingislikentoanother,insuchawayastoclarifyandenhanceanimage.Itisanexplicitcomparisonrecognizablebytheuseofthewordlikeoras.(ADictionaryofLiteraryTerms)O,mylove’slikeared,redrose,That’snewlysprunginJune:O,mylove’slikethemelodyThat’ssweetlyplayedintune.－RobertBurns啊，我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰；六月里迎风初开；啊，我的爱人像一曲甜蜜的歌；唱得合拍又柔和。(王佐良译）Kindnessisthegoldenchainbywhichtheworldisbound.(Goethe)仁爱是联结世界的一条金链。Similew1.Origin:Latin,meaninglikew2.Comparativewords:like,asw3.Functions:describingshape,scenery;expressingemotions;explaining;vividdescription,makingeasytounderstand;creatinginterest.StructureofaSimile•Tenor+comparativeword+vehicle•Subject+comparativeword+reference•Example:Myloveislikearedredrose•Tomisastallashisbrother(notasimile)•TomisastallasaMaypole.(simile)TypeOne:like•Livingwithoutanaimislikesailingwithoutacompass.•Marriageislikeabeleagueredfortress:thosewhoarewithoutwanttogetin,andthosewithinwanttogetout.TypeTwo:as•Menfeardeath,aschildrenfeartogointhedark.•Lovegoestowardslove,asschoolboysfromtheirbooks.•Butlovefromlove,towardsschoolwithheavybooks.(Lovegoestowardslove,asschoolboysgofromtheirbooks.Butlovegoesfromlove,asschoolboysgotowardsschoolwithheavybooks.)•Asfirmasarock•Asmuteasafish•Asstrongasahorse•Asbraveasalion•Asobstinateasacow•Aswhiteassnow•Asblackasink/pitch•Aschangeableastheweather•Aswetasadrownedrat•Asblindasabat•Asfatasapig•Asproudasapeacock•AsfreshasaroseTypeThree:whatTwoPatterns:AistoBwhatCistoD.WhatCistoD,AistoB.TypeThree:whatReadingistothemindwhatexerciseistothebody.Thepenistoawriterwhatthegunistoafighter.作家的笔犹如战士的枪。.TypeThree:whatWhatsculptureistoablockofmarble,educationistothesoul.教育之于心灵犹如雕刻之于大理石。Whatsaltistofood,witandhumoraretoconversationandliteratureTypeFour:than•Ahomewithoutloveisnomorethanabodywithoutasoul.•HehadnomoreideaofmoneythanacowTypeFive:and•Loveandcoughcannotbehid.爱情像咳嗽一样是掩盖不了的。•Truthandroseshavethornsaboutthem.•Kingsandbearsoftenworrytheirkeepers.•Awordandstoneletgocannotberecalled.说出去的话就像抛出去的石子，是收不回的。TypeSix:othersWhoistoblamebuthertyrantofafather.怪谁呢？只怪她那暴君般的父亲。Adoctormusthavetheheartofalionandthehandofalady.当一个医生必须有狮子般的胆量和仕女般的巧手。MetaphorAfigureofspeechcontaininganimpliedcomparison,inwhichawordorphraseordinarilyandprimarilyusedofonethingisappliedtoanother.(Webster’sNewWorldDictionary)MetaphorAfigureofspeechinwhichonethingisdescribedintermsofanother.Thebasicfigureinpoetry.Acomparisonisusuallyimplicit;whereasinsimileitisexplicit.(ADictionaryofLiteraryTerms)MetaphorMetaphorsareofteneasytoidentifyandtaketheformXisY.Somethingorsomeoneisbeingcomparedtosomethingorsomeoneelsethroughaconstructionusingtheappropriatepartoftheverbtobe(i.e.am,are,is,was,were,willbe).Metaphor•Educationisnotthefillingofapail,butthelightingoffire.•Moneyisabottomlesssea,inwhichhonor,conscience,andtruthmaybedrowned.•Marriageisabookofwhichthefirstchapteriswritteninpoetryandremainingchaptersinprose.Alltheworld’sastage,Andallmenandwomenmerelyplayers;Theyhavetheirexitsandentrances,Andonemaninhistimeplaysmanyparts,Hisactsbeingsevenages…(Shakespeare,AsyouLikeit)Thefirstclausesetsupthebasiccomparison.Thetenorandvehicleinvokedbythefirstlineareelaboratedinthelinesthatfollow.Themetaphormakespossiblefortheliterarywritertoexplainthingsvividlyingreatdetail.Metaphor•Theboywolfeddownthefoodthemomenthegrabbedit.•Somebooksaretobetasted,othersswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.(OfStudies,Bacon)•Shehasaphotographicmemoryfordetails.•Themountainouswavesswalloweduptheship•Apolicemanwavedmeoutofthesnakeoftraffic.Metonymy(借喻）Afigureofspeechthatconsistsinusingthenameofonethingforthatofsomethingelsewithwhichitisassociated.(Webster’sNewInternationalDictionary)Metonymy•Definition:onethingforanother;associationwMetonymyisGreekforachangeofnameFunction:brief,vivid,interesting•Example:•Whatislearnedinthecradleiscarriedtothegrave(fromthecradletothegrave从生到死）MetonymyAthousandmustachescanlivetogetherbutnotfourbreasts.Thepenismightierthanthesword.Hekeepsagoodtable.(待客周到,以丰盛的饮食招待客人)Shehastheeyeforthefairandthebeautiful.Thewolfandthepigmingledtogetherinhisface.Chinawon4goldsand5silvers.WedroveaFordtoHydePark.Metonymy•Thisisthestrugglebetweenthekimonoandtheminiskirt.•Itisapitythatthereismoreignorancethanknowledgeinthecountry.•Shehasretiredfromthestagetoteach.Thegloriesofourbloodandstate,Areshadows,notsubstantialthings;Thereisnoarmouragainstfate;Deathlayshisicyhandonkings;SceptreandCrownMusttumbledownAndinthedustbeequalmadeWiththepoorcrookedScytheandSpade.(Shirley,TheGloriesofourBlood)Inthispoem,fourmetonymsareused:Sceptre,Crown,Scythe,andSpade.SceptreandCrownarethingsthatkingsandqueenscarryandweartorepresenttheirpowerandauthority,andarethereforemetonymsforkingsandqueens.ScytheandSpadearethingsusedbypeasantsorfarmworkers,andarethereforemetonymsforpeasants.WhatShirleyistryingtosayisthatdeathcomestoallpeople,thenobleandthehumblealike.Theideawouldhavebeenexpressedmuchlesseffectively,ifmetonymshadnotbeenused.显贵王侯全会倒毖，与贱民并肩齐埋在尘土之中。在这首诗中诗人借皇冠(crown)和君主节杖(sceptre)来代替显贵王侯、君主贵族。借农民常用的工具