材料表征教学资料-introduction

材料表征吴迪南京大学材料科学与工程系83621215diwunju.edu2提纲课程简介材料与粒子的相互作用衍射电子显微扫描力显微表面分析手段3第一章课程简介《材料表征》课程介绍表征材料微观结构和化学组成的物理方法，包括X射线衍射术、扫描和透射电子显微术、扫描力显微术、X射线能谱、Auger电子能谱、光电子能谱、二次离子质谱以及Raman和红外光谱技术。课程强调对各种表征技术基本原理的掌握和应用。课程共讲课52－60课时，学期末安排8－10课时有关X射线衍射、扫描和透射电子显微、X射线光电子能谱等仪器的操作演示和实践。4第二章射线与物质的相互作用穿透深度和分析深度辐射损伤5第三章衍射X射线和电子衍射简介可见光衍射的回顾衍射几何劳埃方程和布拉格定律X射线衍射方法粉末衍射傅立叶变换和衍射衍射强度和结构因子衍射角宽度：尺寸效应和晶格畸变电子衍射高分辨X射线衍射：rockingcurve和reciprocalspacemapping6第四章扫描力显微术扫描隧道显微术（STM）原子力显微术（AFM）其它扫描力显微术7第五章扫描电子显微术扫描电镜简介电子枪电子的散射：二次电子和背散射电子光路电子光学简介成像、放大倍数和衬度工作距离、分辨率和景深成像质量及其影响因素样品制备环境扫描电镜（ESEM）X射线能量发散光谱（EDS）X射线波长发散光谱（WDS）背散射电子衍射（EBSD）8第六章透射电子显微术透射电镜的组成衬度和成像原理透射电镜的基本操作样品制备扫描透射显微（STEM）电子能量损失谱（EELS）9第七章表面分析技术Auger电子能谱（AES）X射线光电子能谱（XPS）低能电子衍射（LEED）高能反射式电子衍射（RHEED）二次离子质谱（SIMS）10第八章Raman与红外光谱红外吸收的基本概念影响吸收光谱的因素红外谱仪红外光谱样品制备红外光谱应用举例光散射现象与Raman光谱的基本原理Raman散射的经典理论及量子理论光谱选择定则发光（荧光）的抑制和消除晶格动力学基础Raman光谱的实验装置Raman光谱应用举例11课程目的preparationstructure/compositionpropertiesperformanceTostudysynthesis/preparation,structure/composition,properties,performance,andtherelationshipamongthesefactors.thiscourseItiscertainlyevidentthatthepropertiesforwhichmaterialsareselectedforaparticularapplicationdependsonthemicrostructurewhich,initself,canbeconsideredtoextendtotheatomiclevel.12Howto?Theinteractionofelectromagneticradiationwithcrystallinesolidsisnowunderstoodinconsiderabledetailsothatitcanbeexploitedtoprovidethenecessaryinformation.Tocharacterizeamicrostructureitisnecessarytoperturbthematerialbyinteractinginsomewaywithit.13203040506070A:anataseTiO2R:rutileTiO2P:CoTiO3RRPPPPPPAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAPRA6000CIntensity(a.u.)PAAAA5000C4000C2(degrees)photonelectronneutron/protonions/atomsinfraredradiationvisiblelightultravioletradiationX-rayradiationsecondaryelectronstransmittedelectronsback-scatteredelectronsabsorptionvibrationopticmicroscopysurfaceelectrondistributionlaser:strongphotosource,makesdetectionofweaksignalspossibleX-raydiffraction/absorptionSEMTEM4000350030002500200015001000500solWavenumber(cm-1)800C4000C1200C5000CTransmittance(%)energydispersespectroscopy14ClassificationofmaterialsMaterialshavebeenclassifiedinvariousways,butperhapsthesimplestclassificationdividesintotwocategories.Onebasedonthenatureofthematerial;NatureCeramicsGlassesMetalsandAlloysOtherInorganicMaterialsPolymersElastomersFibersCompositematerialsWoodOtherbiologicalmaterialsApplicationsIndustrialmaterialsElectricalmaterialsElectronicmaterialsSuperconductingmaterialsMagneticmaterialsMaterialsforenergyapplicationsOpticalMaterialsBiomedicalmaterialsDentalmaterialsBuildingmaterialstheotheronapplications.15CeramicsCeramicengineoffersadvantagesintermsoffueleconomy,efficiency,weightsavingsandperformance.16Ceramicssuperconductor17Titaniumcarbide(TiC)ceramiccoatings,whichpossessexcellentresistancetowear,oxidationandcorrosion,aswellashavingotherdesirableproperties,greatlyextendstheuseofgraphitesparts.Ceramics18Metalsandalloys19ShapememoryalloysMetalsandalloys20Glasses21Thewordpolymerliterallymeansmanyparts”:alongchainofcovalent-bondedatomsPolymersplasticsandelastomers22PolymersUsage:carparts,foodstorage,electronicpackaging,opticalcomponents,andadhesives23glass-fiber/epoxycompositesnowboardmadeofcompositematerialsComposites24MicrostructuresBondsequilibriumdistancer0Bondsinmaterialsfallinto5categories.ionicbondscovalentbondsmetallicbondsvandeWaalsforcehydrogenbondsnmrBrAr)(0)(11nmrBnrAmdrrd25MicrostructuresLatticeUsingthebasicsymmetryelementsofreflection,inversion,rotationandrotoinversion,14Bravaislatticesexist.26Unitcell27UnitcellThechoiceofunitcellisnonexclusive.28Latticeparameters297typesofparallelepiped304typesoflattices3114BravaislatticesI3214BravaislatticesII33Crystallineplanes34Crystallineplanes35Crystallineplanes36Crystallineplanes37Grainboundaries38edgedislocationsDislocationsscrewdislocations39Pointdefects40SEMimageofadeviceregiononanICchipExamples41cross-sectionTEMimagesofanICchipExamples42oxygenaluminiumtitaniumenergyfilteredTEMimageExamples43ZnOnanotubularstructureExamples44ZnOnanotubularstructureExamples45ZnOnanorod-nanoribbonjunctions;thescalebaris1m.Examples46ZnOnanorod-nanoribbonjunctions;thescalebaris1m.Examples47ZnOnanorod-nanoribbonjunctionsExamples48TheEnd