《英语修辞学English-Rhetoric》第一章Introduction-to-English-

ChapterOneIntroductiontoEnglishRhetorictheartofeffectiveexpressionandthepersuasiveuseoflanguageEnglishRhetoricPage2ContentsofThisChapter•I.AbouttheCourse•II.ReferenceBooks•III.Whatisrhetoric?•IV.Whydowelearnrhetoric?Page31.OptionalcourseofEnglishMajor2.TeachingObjects:juniorsofEnglishMajor3.Purpose:I.AbouttheCourseGeneralideaaboutEnglishrhetoricabriefandinterestingsurveyofthehistoryofrhetoricwithemphasisonseveralmajorclassicalrhetoriciansandtheirtheoriesandapplicationCommunicativerhetoricthechoiceofwords,thechoiceofsentences,paragraphandessayconstructionAestheticrhetoric:figuresofspeech(phonetic,syntactic,semantic,logic)Page4II.ReferenceBooks4.Assessment:ExamTotalgrades=30%ofRegularGrades+70%oftheFinalExam*RegularGradesconsistsof15%ofclassattendanceand15%ofclassparticipationandassignments5.TextBook张秀国：《英语修辞学》(EnglishRhetoric)，清华大学出版社、北京交通大学出版社，20056.ReferenceBooks:黄任：《英语修辞与写作》，上海外语教育出版社，1999.胡曙中：《现代英语修辞学》，上海外语教育出版社，2004年7月第1版，Page5Rhetoricispower.Whoeverdoesnotstudyrhetoricwillbecomeavictimofit.---AncientGreekwallinscriptionHistoriesmakemenwise;poets,witty;themathematics,subtle;naturalphilosophy,deep,moral,grave;logicandrhetoric,abletocontend.---FrancisBaconPage6PlatoandAristotleThestudyofrhetoricgoesbacktoancientGreece,whenspeakersbegantopracticetheartofpersuasionincourtsoflaw.Theancientsrealizedthatpresentationisasimportant,orperhapsmoreimportant,asfacts.III.Whatisrhetoric?Page7•3.1OriginofWesternRhetoricItissaidthatthe“artofrhetoric”originatedinSyracuse锡拉库兹(意大利西西里岛东部一港市),aGreekcolonyontheislandofSicily,inabout465B.C..Whenthedictatorsontheislandwereoverthrownanddemocracywasestablished,peoplewenttocourttoclaimtheownershipofthelandwhichhadbeentakenfromthemduringthedictator’sreign.However,theGreeksystemrequiredthatcitizensrepresentthemselvesincourtinsteadofhiringattorneystospeakontheirbehalfaswecantoday.Therefore,therhetoriccameintobeingto“makethebestpossiblecaseandtorepresentitpersuasivelytothejury”(HuShuzhong,2002:3).III.Whatisrhetoric?Page8SyracusePage93.2rhetoricandoratoryRhētorikē—rhētōr:Oratoryhadbeenpracticedlongbeforetheancientrhetoriciansdevelopedatheoryandavocabularyforrhetoric.Oratory:*thefoundationofrhetoric*morethanordinaryspeechbutaspecialkindofpublicspeaking(aspecialpurpose,aspecialway,aspecialtime)*toimpress,convince,ormovetheaudiencetoactionTheythendevelopedasetofprinciplesforsuccessfulcommunication.Theseprinciplesmakeuptheartofrhetoric.asaverb:tospeakasanoun:oratorIII.Whatisrhetoric?Page103.3Connotation(内涵)ofrhetoricOvertheyearstheword“rhetoric”hastakenonawiderangeofmeaning.Negativeconnotations:•skillful,butoftendeceptive,eloquence•afraudulentpractice•todealexclusivelywithlanguage,ratherthanwithideas•formidablesupportfromSocratesandPlato.InGorgias(《高尔吉亚篇》,Platocriticizedtherhetoricians,•“Therhetoricianneednotknowthetruthaboutthings;hehasonlytodiscoversomewayofpersuadingtheignorantthathehasmoreknowledgethanthosewhoknow.”III.Whatisrhetoric?Page11FullnamePlatoBornc.428–427BCAthensDiedc.348–347BC(ageapprox84)AthensSchool/traditionPlatonismMaininterests：•Rhetoric,Art,Literature,Epistemology,Justice,Virtue,Politics,Education,Family,MilitarismNotableideas：Platonicrealism（柏拉图式的现实主义和理想主义）[i͵pisti'mɔlədӡi]：【哲】认识论[‘æθinz]：(希腊首都)雅典；(作为文学、艺术中心而比喻为雅典的)任一城市PlatoandhisideaaboutrhetoricPage12•Itispossiblethatindevelopinghisowntheoryofknowledge,PlatocoinedthetermrhetoricbothtodenouncewhathesawasthefalsewisdomoftheSophists['sɔfist],andtoadvancehisownviewsonknowledgeandmethod.•Plato'sanimosity(仇恨)againsttheSophistsderivesnotonlyfromtheirinflatedclaimstoteachvirtueandtheirrelianceonappearances,butfromthefactthathisteacher,Socrates,wasaccusedofbeingaSophistandultimatelysentencedtodeathforhisteaching.PlatoandhisideaaboutrhetoricPage13•《苏格拉底之死》1787纽约大都会博物馆•法国新古典主义画家：雅克•路易•大卫（JacquesLouisDavid)Page14Positiveconnotations•Historically,“rhetoric”hadpositiveconnotations,suggestingacommendableskillwithwords.Todayrhetoric,asitwasinhistory,issomethingthatpeoplehavetoresortto.•Rhetoricisgenerallyunderstoodasatooloramethod.ItscontentismoreconcernedwiththeHowsofwhatpeoplearetalkingaboutthantheWhatsofwhatpeoplearetalkingabout.•Asatool,rhetoricisinherentlyneithergoodorbad.Adeceitfulpersonwilluseittodeceiveandanethicalpersonwilluseittomaketruthandjusticeprevail.Page15Page16•1.Coldwardiplomacyandrhetoric•2.Astheclamorforbasicskillscontinuetogrow,itmaybetimeforthefourthR—Rhetoric—toreentertheclassroom.•3.Campaignpromiseshaveprovedtobeemptyrhetoric.•4.Despitetheirtoughanti-Americanrhetoric,thegovernmentisprivatelytryingtomaintaingoodrelationswiththeU.S.•5.therhetoricoffilmDiscuss:Identifythedifferentmeaningsof“rhetoric”inthefollowingphrases/sentences:辞令修辞学花言巧语电影的修辞艺术言论Page171.4DefinitionsofrhetoricTheword“rhetoric”hasbeendefineddifferently.a.Thestudyandpracticeofeffectivecommunication.b.Thestudyoftheeffectsoftextsonaudiences.c.Theartofpersuasion.d.Aninsincereeloquenceintendedtowinpointsandmanipulate[mə'nipjuleit]others.PlatoinhisacademyIII.Whatisrhetoric?Page18Rhetoricistheartofrulingthemindsofmen.“(Plato)Rhetoricmay