双语第二节II.WhatIsMeantbyGeographyastheStudyofArealDifferentiation?二.何谓地理作为区域差异的研究?Undertheseconditions,suchasubject,ifitexistedatallasaseparatediscipline,wouldnodoubthavedevelopedrelativelylateandasanover-allintegratingscienceoflittlepopularinterest.在这些情况下,主题,如果它在所有存在作为单独的纪律,就无疑会发展较晚与小受欢迎感兴趣的全面整合科学。Veryearlyinhumandevelopment,however,mandiscoveredthathisworldvariedgreatlyfromplacetoplace.Itwastosatisfyman’scuriosityconcerningsuchdifferencesthatgeographydevelopedasasubjectofpopularinterest.Fromearliesttimestravelersreturningfrom“foreign”partswereexpectedtotellthestay-at-homeswhatthingsandpeoplewerelikeinthepacestheyhadseen,whetherinadjoining,butrelativelyinaccessible,districtsorinmoreremoteparts不过,人类的发展,在很早男子发现他的世界不同地方来。它是满足人的好奇心,关于这种差异地理开发为流行感兴趣的科目。从最早的时候对外的部件从返回的旅行者,预期告诉stay-at-homes什么东西和人都像步伐在他们看到了,在毗邻,但相对较无法访问,地区或更偏远地区Thisuniversalcuriosityofmanabouttheworldbeyondhisimmediatehorizon,aworldknowntodifferinvaryingdegreesfromthehomearea,isthefoundationofallgeography这种普遍的好奇心关于他立即视野,已知的不同程度,从家庭的区域,在不同的世界之外的世界是人的所有地理的基础Thefactthatalltheareasoftheearthdifferfromeachotherleadsalsotoaspecialinterestinanycasesinwhichseparateareasappeartobealike彼此不同的地球的所有领域的事实也导致特别感兴趣,在任何情况下都是独立的区域出现的Nevertheless,thewaysinwhichseparateareasarealikeisnolesssignificantthanthewaysinwhichtheydiffer.Comparativestudyofsuchareaspermitsgeographytoapproachthemethodsoflaboratorysciences,inwhichcertainfactsarecontrolledasconstants,whileothersvary.不过,在其中独立的区域是相似的方式意义是不比他们有不同的方法。比较研究等领域允许地理接近的实验科学,其中某些事实作为控制常量,其他各不相同的方法。Ifsuchexaminationshowsthatinrespecttocertainindividualfeaturesorgroupsofcloselyrelatedfeatures-forexample,atmosphericconditionsdeterminingrainfall,temperature,cloudiness,etc.,whichwegrouptogetherasclimate-thedifferencesamongseveralareasareveryslight,wesaythatsuchareasare“similar”inclimate.如果这种检测显示,在尊重对某些个别功能或组密切相关的功能-例如,大气条件确定降雨、温度、云量等,其中我们组合在一起几个地区的气候差异都很轻微,我们说等领域是气候相似。Wemaythenconsidertheseareas,andallotherareasoftheworldinwhichclimaticconditionsare“similar”incontrastto“dissimilar”conditionsofotherareas-thatis,areasdifferinginminordegreeincontrasttothosedifferinginmajordegree-asspecimenareasofthesametype我们可能会再考虑这些领域和所有其他地区的气候条件是类似相比,不一样条件的其他领域的世界-就是不同的轻微程度相比,那些主要的程度不同的领域-为同一类型的标本区This,ofcourse,isthemethodbywhichweconstructthewellknownsystemsofclassificationofareasoftheworldintovariouskindsofregions,sometimescalled“genericregions,”becausetheyarebasedongenericconcepts,whetherofclimate,landforms,soils,oragriculturalsystems.当然,这其中我们构造的世界的地区分类到各种类型的地区,有时也称为通用区域,因为它们基于通用的概念的气候、地形、土壤、或农业系统众所周知的系统的方法。“similarity,”therefore,isnottheoppositeof“difference,”butmerelyageneralizationunderwhichdifferencesdeemedminorareignored,thosedeemedmajorareemphasized.Somewritersseektoavoidmisunderstandingbyspeakingalwaysof“differencesandsimilarities,”withoutrecognizingthatthephraseisredundant.Itmaywellbealsothattherepeateduseoftheterm“differences”givesundueemphasistothesearchfor“contrasts.”Itthereforeseemsadvisabletousethemoreneutralword,“variations”.相似性,因此,不是相反的差异,但只是一个下的差异当作次要的推广将被忽略,那些被认为主要强调。有些作者试图通过说话总是差异和相似之处,避免误解没有认识到这句话冗余的。很可能还重复的使用的差异给形成了鲜明对比。寻找过分强调看来因此最好使用的更中性词,变化。Ifthevariationsindiversecategoriesofphenomenawhichexplorersandtravelersreportedfromthemanyareasoftheworld–variationsinsuchfeaturesasnumber,customs,occupations,andmovementsofpeople,insoils,landforms,andclimate-showednorelationtoeachotherbeyondthatofcommonlocation,geographywouldbelittlemorethananorganizedcatalogueorencyclopediaoffactsaboutcountries.如果在不同类别的探险家和旅行者从世界–variations在数量、海关、职业和运动的人,在土壤、等功能在很多领域报告土地的现象的变化形式,和气候显示对方之外,常见的位置并无关系,地理会多一点的有组织的目录或国家有关的事实的百科全书。Suchanorganizedbodyofknowledgemightsatisfytheshallowcuriosityofunsophisticatedminds,andwouldbeusefulforbusinessandstatecraft,butitcouldnotsatisfythedesireforphilosophicalunderstanding.组织的机构的知识可能满足浅层的古朴的心目中,好奇心和对业务和经世,有用,但它不能满足的哲学理解的愿望。Thisintellectualinteresthasbeenpresentinmankindfromtheearliestrecordedtimes.Whentravelersreportedanunassortedandunrelatedconglomerationofdifferencesindiversefeaturesinforeignareas,thoughtfulscholarswereconcernedtoorganizetheseandexplainthemintermsofinterrelations.这个知识产权的兴趣一直存在于人类,从最早记录时间。当旅行者报告unassorted和不相关的集团化发展的各种不同的特性,在外国地区差异时,周到的学者担心这些组织和解释它们的相互关系。Iftheseearlywritersdependedmoreonimaginationthanonevidence,theywereatleastontherighttrack.Therearesignificantinterrelationsamongthevariationsinthediversefeaturesofareas,andgeographersatalltimeshavebeenconcernedtotraceanddemonstratetheconnectionsthatexist.如果这些早期作家更依赖的证据比想象,他们至少在正确的轨道上。如果这些早期作家更依赖的证据比想象,他们至少在正确的轨道上。有重大相互之间的地区,有重大相互之间的地区,在各种不同的特性变化的关系,在各种不同的特性变化的关系,在所有时间地理学家一直关注跟踪并证明存在的连接。地理学家一直关注跟踪并证明存在的连接。