句子成分与结构Summer英语的词性:名词(nouns)n.代词(pronoun)pron.实词数词(numeral)num.形容词(adjective)adj.或a.副词(adverb)adv.动词(verb)v冠词(article)art虚词介词(preposition)prep.连词(conjunction)conj.助词(auxiliary)aux.作文题目中,实词都大写,虚词要小写一.英语句子的基本成分有8种:主语(subject)---s谓语(predicate)---v宾语(object)---o定语(attribute)---attrib状语(adverbial)---adv补语(complement)---c表语(predicative)---p同位语(Appositive)句子成分主语:Youbeathim.谓语:Youbeathim.宾语:Youbeathim.表语:Heisbad./Heisaboy.状语:Youbeathimathome.定语:Youbeatthebadboy.ImetmybestfriendTomatthestationyesterday.↓主语↓谓语↓定语↓宾语↓同位语↓状语英语句子的类型•简单句•并列句•复合句只有一个主谓结构有两个或两个以上主谓结构一个主句加一个或几个从句简单句基本句型陈述对象+陈述内容主语+谓语谓语动词决定了一个句子的骨架结构启示:1)分析复杂句时,先找谓语。2)写句子时,要知道谓语动词的用法特点二.五种简单基本句型主语+谓语+宾语主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语动词系动词不及物动词及物动词主语+系+表语主语+谓语基本句型(1):主+系+表表语是说明主语的,如用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的,通常在系动词后。1)Myuncleisaprofessor.2)Helookedtired.3)Thebasketballmatchison.4)Allthepupilsareontheplaygroundnow.5)Ouraimwastowinmoremedals.6)HisworkisteachingFrench.7)Thequestioniswhocanreallyrepairthemachines.•1)Myuncleisaprofessor.•2)Helookedtired.•3)Thebasketballmatchison.•4)Allthepupilsareontheplaygroundnow.•5)Ouraimwastowinmoremedals.•6)HisworkisteachingFrench.•7)Thequestioniswhocanreallyrepairthemachines.系动词1)be,seem,appear2)look,sound,taste,smell,feel3)get,turn,grow,become,go4)stay,remain,keep,continue感官类变化类维持类基本句型(2)主+谓:S+V谓语动词特特点:不及物动词(本身意思完整,后面不需要宾语)1.Thesunrises.(rise-rose-risen是vi,不能带O.)2.Theredsunrises.(red修饰sun,作定语)3.Theredsunrisesintheeast.(状语adverbial)•【练1】第一印象很重要。•【练2】近年来政府对报纸的控制已经放松了。•【练3】当焦点人物或其角色成员对他在某特定时段所担任角色的确切定义在思想上存在疑惑时,就出现了角色模糊。(剑3,T2,R)•Thefirstimpressioncounts/matters.Thecontrolhasloosened.Roleambiguityresultswhen````TRANSLATION1.你应当努力学习。2.她昨天回家很晚。3.那天早上我们谈了很多。4.会议将持续两个小时。5.在过去的十年里,我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。Youshouldstudyhard.Shewenthomeverylateyesterdayevening.Thatmorningwetalkedagreatdeal.Themeetingwilllasttwohours.Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinmyhometowninthepasttenyears.基本句型(3)主语+谓语+宾语(S.+V.+O.)该句型的谓语动词必须是vt或vt的动词词组;宾语必须是名词或相当于名词的成分。【练1】教育满足需要。【练2】美国的一项研究已表明气温和街头骚乱之间存在联系。【练3】所有这些因素或许可以证明巨大的收入是合理的。(剑6,T2,W)Educationmeets/satisfiesthedemand/need.Researchshowsarelationship…Factorscanjustifyearnings.Translation1.昨晚我写了一封信。2.今天下午我想同你谈谈。3.这本书他读过多次了。4.他们成功地完成了计划。Iwrotealetterlastnight.Iwanttotalkwithyouthisafternoon.Hehasreadthisbookmanytimes.Theyhavecarriedouttheplansuccessfully.注意:带V-ing做宾语的动词有:suggest,advise,stop,resist,enjoy,imagine,finish,escape,admit,excuse,delay,practice,consider,keep,mind,understand,avoid,miss,risk,succeedin,bebusy,beworth,beusedto,giveup,lookforwardto注意:带todo做宾语的动词有:offer,learn,intend,plan,demand,ask,promise,help,prepare,decide,determine,refuse,dare,manage,wish,hope,want,expect,fail,pretend,choose,seem,expect,hope,offer,agree,refuse,learn,help,plan,intend,etc.基本句型(4)主语+谓语+宾语+宾语(S.+V.+O.+O.)请观察:1)Hebringsmecookieseveryday.如果意思不变,也可以怎么说呢?2)Hebringscookiestomeeveryday.即要借助于介词to或for注意:Hebringsmecookieseveryday.Hebringscookiestomeeveryday.Shemademeabeautifuldress.Shemadeabeautifuldressforme.归纳:to侧重指动作的方向,表示朝着,向着,对着某人。for侧重指动作的受益者,表示为了某人,替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有:(需借助to的)bring,give,lend,hand,offer,pass,pay,promise,return,send,show,teach,tell,write,ask等。(需借助for的)buy,call,cook,choose,draw,find,get,make,order,sing,save,spare等。翻译练习:1.Johnson先生去年教我们德语。2.奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。3.Mary把钱包交给校长了4.请把那本字典递给我好吗?5.他把车票给列车员看。1.MrJohnsontaughtusGermanlastyear.2.Grandmatoldmeaninterestingstorylastnight.3.Maryhandedthewallettotheschoolmaster.4.Wouldyoupleasepassmethedictionary?5.Heshowedthetickettotheconductor.基本句型(5)主谓宾宾补S+VT.+O+O.C宾语与宾语补足语有逻辑的主谓关系,若无宾语补足语,则句意不完整。宾补时补充说明宾语的。可以用做宾补的有:名词,形容词,副词,介词短语,动词不定式,分词等。如:Thesunkeepsuswarm.Iheardhimsinging.Youmustgetyourhaircut.TheymadeTommonitor.用it做形式宾语,而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面,以使句子结构平衡,是英语常用的句型结构方式。即:主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语如:Ifounditverypleasanttobewithyourfamily.Translation1.我们叫她Alice.2.我们大家都认为他是诚实的。3.他们把小偷释放了。4.我要你把真相告诉我。5.卫兵命令我们立即离开。6.每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。7.他每个月理一次发8.我们不会让她在晚上外出的。WecallherAlice.Allofusconsideredhimhonest.Theyhavesetthethieffree.Iwantyoutotellmethetruth.Theguardsorderedustoleaveatonce.EverymorningwehearhimreadEnglishaloud.Hehashishaircutonceamonth.Wewon’tlethergooutatnight.句子基本结构(5种)1)主语+连系动词+表语(S+L+P)Heisaprofessor.他是一位教授.Revision句子基本结构(5种)2)主语+谓语(S+V)Daydawns.天亮了.句子(Sentence)句子基本结构(5种)3)主语+谓语+宾语(S+V+O)SheunderstandsFrench.她懂法语.句子(Sentence)句子基本结构(5种)4)主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语(S+V+IO+DO)Hetoldusthewholestory.他把全部经过告诉了我们.句子(Sentence)句子基本结构(5种)5)主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补语(S+V+O+C)HefoundGeorgeintelligent.他发现乔治很聪明.句子(Sentence)根据所学知识,分析句子结构1.Theyworkhard.主+谓2.Theflowerisdead.主+系+表3.Plantsneedwater.主+谓+宾4.Hegivesmesomeseeds.主+谓+直宾+间宾5.Weshouldkeeptheplantsintheshade.主+谓+宾+宾补6.Manyanimalsliveintrees.主+谓7.Hekeptmeadictionary.主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语8.ShallIleaveyouthecamera?主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语9.Wefindthebookveryinteresting.主+谓+宾+宾补10.Myuncleboughtmeane-dictionary.主+谓+间接宾语+直宾11.Singingmakesmehappy.主+谓+宾+宾补12.DamingcallshiscatMimi.主+谓+宾+宾补13.Youmustlistentoher.主+谓+宾14.Heisascientist.主+系+表基本句型(6)“THEREBE”句型此句型是由“there+be+主语+状语”构成,用以表达存在有,一种无主语的有。它其实是倒装的一种情况,主语位于谓语动词be之后,there仅为引导词,并无实际语。be与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致,有时态和情态变化。如,现在有thereis/are…过去有therewas/were…