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1英语的基本成分主语主语是句子叙述或动作的主体，表示句子说的是什么人或“什么事”。主语可以由这些词类或形式来担任：名词、代词、名词化了的动词（动名词）、数词等。主语最常见的是由名词、动名词担任。Mrleeisawell-knownscientists.Hereadsnewspaperseveryday.Smokingisharmfultothehealth.Toswiminthatpoolisagreatpleasure.谓语谓语是对主语动作或所处的状态，指出主语“做什么”“是什么”。谓语动词的位置一般在主语之后。谓语一般由简单谓语或复合谓语(助动词或情态动词+主要动词）构成。简单谓语:主要由实义动词充当。Ilikewalking.我喜欢走路。Maryeatscakes.复合谓语，可分为两种情况：第一种是由情态动词，助动词+动词构成的复合谓语：Icansingthatsong.我能唱那首歌Iwillnotdoitagain.我不会再做它（指这件事itonemoretime）。I’llgoandmoveawaythebag我会移走这个袋子的。Ihavereadthatbook.我已经看了那本书。第二种是由连系动词+表语：一般系动词后面的成份叫做表语像am、is、are等后面（时态不限），而表语可以由名词词、名词性短语或名词性从句还有形容词、形容词性短语或句子构成。Sheisbeautiful.Iamadoctor.宾语宾语是动作、行为的对象,是动作的承受者。宾语由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任。英语的及物动词后必须有宾语。宾语一般放及物动词之后,它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。宾语有直接宾语和间接宾语之分,即指人的间接宾语和指物的直接宾语这两个宾语称为“双宾语”。JacklendsmeabookMybrothergivesmeapresents.Hedrinksabottleofcoke.表语表语就是放在系动词后面，说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的。表语须和连系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语。表语常由名词、形容词从句来充当，Myfatherisadoctor.Heisalwayscareless.HisworkisteachingFrenchAllthestudentsareontheplayground定语指用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的词、短语或句子。主要有形容词来充当，此外还有名词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词、定语从句。汉语中常表示为“…..的”Lucyisabeautifulgirl.(形容词)Maryisachemistryteacher.（名词）Heisourfriend.（物主代词）Jimisthethirdchildofhisfamily.(数词)Themanoverthereismyoldfriend.(介词短语)Theworktobedoneisveryimportant.(不定式)状语指用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或全局的词、短语或句子。从情况、时间、处所、方式、条件、对象、肯定、否定、范围和程度等方面对谓语中心词进行修饰或限制。Heisveryhandsome.(程度)OnSundays,thereisnostudentintheclassroom.（时间）Ineedtimetodomyhomework.(目的)IfIamfree,Iwillplaywithyou.(条件)补足语用来说明宾语或者主语的性质，状态。宾补：在宾语后面补充或说明宾语的动作，状态，特征。Wewillmakethemhappy.Iwillhavemybikerepaired.Pleasemakeyourselfathome.同位语指在名词或代词之后，对其做进一步解释或解释,在语法上处于同等地位。名词、代词、数词都可做同位语。Weallarestudents。（all是we的同位语，都指同样的“我们”）Westudentsshouldstudyhard.(students是we的同位语，都指同一批学生)2五大基本句型掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。1主语+谓语(不及物动词)Thesunrose.Thebuscomes.Whocares?2主语+系动词+表语句子中系动词不能表达一个完整的意思，后面必须加上表明主语身份或状态的表语构成系表结构才能表达完整的意思。目前我们学到的系动词主要是Be动词，be动词本身没什么意义，只起联系主语和谓语的作用。Sheisadoctor.Maryisbeautiful.Iamabusinessman.3主语+谓语+宾语这里的谓语都是有实际意义的及物动词，而且必须接宾语，才能使意思完整。Ilikereading.Shedrinkswater.Davidknowsthatman.4主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，直接宾语指物—动作的承受着，间接宾语指人—动作的受益人。这样的动词不多，常用的有give/pass/bring/show/lendMarrygivesmeabag.Pleasepassmethesalt.Myfatherbringsmeacake.Myfriendslendmeacomputer.所有的这种句型可以把直接宾语提到谓语后面，换成：marrygivesabagtome/myfatherbringsacaketome。5主语+谓语+宾语+宾补宾补是对宾语的补充说明，宾语与宾补之间有逻辑上的主谓关系，如果没有宾补，则句子意思不够完整。ThesunkeepsuswarmIseehimsing.WecallhimjackGarymakemecry.练习：一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1.Thestudentsgetontheschoolbus.2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.7.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.8.Marryisabeautifulgirl.9.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.10.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.11.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.12.Tomcamehere.13.westudentsdon’tlikethisteacher.14.Doyouhaveabasketball?15.Tobehonest;yourpronunciationisnotsogood.16.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?17.Hesatthere,readinganewspaper.18.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.19.Henoticedamanentertheroom.20.Theapplestastedsweet.二、用符号划出下列短文各句中的主语（—）、谓语（＝）、宾语（～）：Ihopeyouareverywell.I'mfine,buttired.RightnowitisthesummervacationandI'mhelpingmyDadonthefarm.Augustisthehottestmonthhere.Itisthetimeofyearforthericeharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.Sometimeswegoonworkingafterdarkbythelightsofourtractors.WegrowriceinthesouthoftheStates,butinthenorthwhereitiscoldertheygrowwheat.Wehavealotofmachinesonthefarm.Althoughthefarmislarge,myDadhasonlytwomenworkingforhim.Butheemploysmoremenfortheharvest.Mybrothertakescareofthevegetablegarden.Itdoesn'toftenraininthesummerhere.Asaresult,wehavetowaterthevegetablegarden.Everyeveningwepumpwaterfromawell.Itthenrunsalongchannelstodifferentpartsofthegarden.三、用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语（—）、状语（＝）、补语（～）：MostSaturdayeveningsthereisaparty,evenatharvesttime.Thesepartiesoftenmakeusveryhappy.Wecookmeatonanopenfireoutside.It'sgreat!Americanseatalotofmeat—toomuchinmyopinion.Someofmyfriendsdrinkbeer.Idon't,becauseIhavetodrivehomeaftertheparty.InyourletteryouaskedaboutthetimeindifferentareasoftheStates.TherearefivedifferenttimeareasintheStates.InmystatewearefourteenhoursbehindBeijingtime.HowmanydifferenttimeareasdoyouhaveinChina?Well,Imuststopandgetsomesleep.Pleasegivemybestregardstoyourparents.四、选择填空：()1.____willleaveforBeijing.A.NowtherethemanB.ThemanherenowC.ThemanwhoisherenowD.Themanisherenow()2.Theweather____.A.wetandcoldB.iswetandcoldC.notwetandcoldD.werewetandcold()3.Theappletasted____.A.sweetsB.sweetlyC.nicelyD.sweet()4.Hegotup____yesterdaymorning.A.latelyB.lateC.latestD.latter()5.Theactor______attheageof70.A.deadB.diedC.dyedD.deaded()6.____wereallverytired,butnoneof____wouldstoptotakearest.A.We,usB.Us,weC.We,ourD.We,we()7.Hefoundthestreetmuch______.A.crowdB.crowdingC.crowdedD.crowdedly()8.Ithink_____necessarytolearnEnglishwell.A.itsB.itC.thatD.thatis()9.Thedog____mad.A.looksB.islookedC.isbeinglookedD.waslooked()10.Iwillneverforgettheday______Ijoinedthearmy.A.thatB.whenC.inwhichD.where