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连词和状语从句一、连词1．并列连词(1)表示联合关系的并列连词：and(和)，both...and...(既……又……)，neither...nor(既不……也不……)。NeitherInorhehasseenthefilm.(2)表示转折关系的并列连词：but，while(而，然而)，whereas(而)，nevertheless。Heisshort，whilehisbrotheristall.(3)表示选择关系的并列连词：or(或)，orelse(否则)，otherwise(要不然)，either...or...(或……或……)。Youcaneitherstayathomeorgofishing.(4)表示因果关系的并列连词：so(所以)，for(因为)。Itismorning，forthebirdsaresinging.注意：then(那么，因而)，thus(因而)，therefore(因此，所以)等副词常可放在句首表示因果关系。Hewasbusy，thereforehecouldnotcome.2．从属连词(1)引导名词性从句的从属连词引导名词性从句的从属连词有连接词that，whether和if，这些连接词在句中不充当任何句子成分；连接代词主要有：who，whom，whose，which，what等，它们在句中可作主语、宾语、定语等；连接副词主要有：when，where，how，why等，它们在句中可作状语。Weknow(that)theearthgoesroundthesun.Whatweneedismoretime.That'swhatIwant.(2)引导状语从句的从属连词在句中作状语的从句叫状语从句，也叫副词性从句。它修饰谓语、非谓语动词、状语或整个句子。状语从句由从属连词引导，可表示时间、地点、条件、原因、结果、目的、让步、比较、方式等。二、状语从句1．时间状语从句(1)before引导的从句中不用否定式谓语。常用如下句型：Itislongbefore...(过了好久才……)Itisnotlongbefore...(过了不久就……)(2)since后面所用动词不同，该动词所表示动作持续时间的计算方法也不同。since＋瞬间动词过去式从该动作发生时算起since＋持续性动词过去式从动作结束时算起Itistwoyearssincehejoinedthearmy.Itistwoyearssincehesmoked.2．原因状语从句在表示原因时，because语气最重，其次是as，since，nowthat，故在回答why问句或者在强调句对原因进行强调时，只能用because。for是并列连词，表示推测的理由或者进一步说明，不能放在句首，for前要用逗号。—Whywereyouabsent?—BecauseIwasill.3．目的状语从句(1)sothat/inorderthat引导的目的状语从句中的谓语动词多用can/could/may/might/will/would＋动词。PleaseturnoffthelightsothatIcangotosleep.(2)forfearthat，incase，lest表示“以防，免得”。Heisworkinghardforfearthatheshouldfail.4．条件状语从句(1)providing/provided(that)假如，假若Providing(that)noonehasfurtherquestions，themeetingwillbeover.(2)ontheunderstandingthat＝onconditionthat在……条件下Igiveyoumoneyontheunderstandingthatyoufinishyourhomework.5．结果状语从句注意such引导的结果状语从句与定语从句的区别。试比较：Thisissuchaninterestingbookthateveryonelikestoreadit.Thisissuchaninterestingbookaseveryonelikestoread.6．目的状语从句与结果状语从句的区别inorderthat可放在句首，只能引导目的状语从句；sothat引导目的或结果状语从句，不能放在句首。试比较：Hespokesoslowlythatweallfollowedhim.(结果状语从句)＝Hespokeslowly，soweallfollowedhim.Hespokeslowlyso(inorder)thatwecouldallunderstandhim.(目的状语从句)7．让步状语从句(1)as引导让步状语从句，作“尽管”解，用倒装句，语序为：状语/宾语/表语/动词原形＋as＋主语＋谓语……。如果句首是单数可数名词作表语，名词前无冠词。Cleverasyoumaybe，youcan'tdothat.Cleverboyasheis，hecan'tsolvetheproblem.(2)while有时引导让步状语从句，作“尽管”、“虽然”讲，多用于句首。WhileIadmittheproblemsaredifficult，Idon'tagreethatIcan'tsolvethem.8．地点状语从句多由where和wherever引导。Wherethereisawill，thereisaway.9．方式状语从句方式状语从句常由as(按照)，justas(正像)，asif＝asthough(仿佛，好像；从句可用虚拟语气)等引导。Ichangedmymindasyousuggested.用适当的连词填空1．Mumturneddownmysuggestion________Dadwasinfavorofmyidea.2．—WillyougotoMary'sbirthdayparty?—No.____________invited，Ican'tgo.I'llbetoobusythen.3．—Doyouthinktheweatherwillbeallrightthissummer?—No，________we'relucky.Thenewspapersaysit'llbeveryhotanyway.4．Thechiefreasonforthepopulationgrowthisn'tsomuchariseinbirthrates________afallindeathratesasaresultofimprovementsinmedicalcare.5．Tenminutesearlier，________wecouldhavecaughttheearlybus.6．Youhavefailedtwotests.You'dbetterstartworkingharder，________youwon'tpassthecourse.7．Tomoftenhastobecalledseveraltimes________hecomesdownstairsfordinner.8．________IfailedinEnglishathirdtime，Ihadnodoubtaboutmygiftforforeignlanguages.【答案】1.while2.Evenif3.unless4.but5．and6.or7.before8.Until