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教材练习答案及听力原文Unit1WARMINGUP?Answers:1Archimedes,AncientGreek(287-212BC)Hewasamathematician.Hefoundthatifyouputanobjectintowaterthewaterpushestheobjectup.Itrisesandpartlyfloats.Theforceofthewaterpushingitupisthesameastheweightoftheobject.2CharlesDarwin,British(1808-1882)TheOriginofSpecieswaspublishedin1859.Itexplainedhowplantsandanimalshadchangedovertimetofitinwithachangingenvironment.Atthetimeitwaspublisheditwasverycontroversial.ManypeoplebelievedtheBiblewhenitsaidthatGodmadethefirsttwopeople(AdamandEve)andthatallotherpeoplecamefromthesetwo.Darwin’sbookshowedthatpeoplehaddevelopedfromapesinstead.Sothiscausedalotofargumentbetweenreligiousandscientificpeople.HoweverDarwin’sideabecameveryinfluentialandisstillacceptedtoday.3ThomasNewcomen,British(1663-1729)HeimprovedthefirststeampumpbuiltbyThomasSaveryin1698andturneditintoasteamenginefortakingwateroutofminesin1712.JamesWattimproveditstillfurtherinthe1770sturningitintothefirstmodernsteamengineusedontherailways.4GregorMendel,Czech(1822-1884)Hegrewpeaplantsanddevelopedideasonheredityandinheritedcharacteristics.Heconcentratedoncross-fertilisingpeaplantsandanalyzingtheresults.Between1856-1863hegrew28,000peaplants.Heexaminedsevenkindsofseedandplantcharacteristicsanddevelopedsomelawsofinheritance.Thefirstisthatinheritancefactorsdonotcombinebutarepassedtothenextgenerationintact.Second,hefoundthateachpartnergiveshalftheinheritedfactorstotheyoung.Third,someofthesefactorsshowupintheoffspring(andsoaredominant).Theotherfactorsaremaskedbythedominantones(andsoarerecessive).5MarieCurie,PolishandFrench(1867-1934)ShewasborninPolandandcametostudyinFrancein1891andshelivedtherefortherestofherlife.In1898shediscoveredradium.ShereceivedtwoNobelprizes,one(withPierreCurie)forphysics(1903)andoneforchemistry(1911).Sheistheonlypersontohavebeensohonoured.OnthedeathofherhusbandshetookoverhisjobattheSorbonneinParis.Herworkonradioactivityandthediscoveryofradiummeantthatshebegananewscientificareaofresearch.ShewasthefirstwomantoreceiveaNobelPrizeandthefirstwomantoteachattheSorbonne.6ThomasEdison,American(1847-1931)Hewasalreadyaninventorofotherelectricaldevices(phonograph,electriclightbulb)whenin1882hedesignedasystemforprovidingNewYorkwithelectricityfromacentralpowerstation.Thiswasatremendousachievement,whichhadpreviouslybeenthoughtimpossible.7LeonardodaVinci,Italian(1452-1519)Hewasafamousartistwhoseskillforshowinghumanskintonesmadehispaintingsseemtocomealive.Heusedtostudydeadpeopleinordertomakehispaintingsasaccurateaspossibile.Someofhisfamouspaintingsinclude“TheAdorationoftheMagi”andthe“TheLastSupper”.LaterinhislifehelivedinFrancewherehedesignedasubmarineandaflyingmachine.8SirHumphryDavy,British(1778-1829)Hedidresearchintodifferentgasesanddiscoveredthemedicinalvalueofnitrousoxide(orlaughinggas)asananaesthetic.In1815hedevelopedasafetylampforminers.Previouslytherehadbeenmanyaccidentswhencandlesontheminers’helmetshadexplodedwhenitcameintocontactwithundergroundgasfromthecoaltheminersweredigging.Thesafetyhelmetmadeworkingundergroundverymuchsafer.9ZhangHeng,Chinese(78-139)Heinventedthefirstseismographtoindicateinthedirectionofanearthquake.Itwasintheshapeofacylinderwitheightdragonheadsroundthetop,eachwithaballinitsmouth.Aroundthebottomwereeightfrogsdirectlyunderadragon’shead.Whenanearthquakeoccurred,aballfelloutofthedragon’smouth,makinganoise.10StephenHawking,British(1942-)Hehasworkedinastronomyandstudiedblackholesinspace.Hehasshownthatblackholesdonotonlyabsorbeverythingaroundthembut,fromtimetotime,throwoutmatteraswell.Thismaymarkthebeginningofnewgalaxies.Thisisanadvanceontheoldtheorywhichsaidthatblackholes“eat”everythingtheycomeacross.COMPREHENDING?AnswerkeyforExercise1:1AnoutbreakofcholerahitLondonin1854.2JohnSnowbegantotesttwotheories.3JohnSnowinvestigatedtwostreetswheretheoutbreakwasverysevere.4JohnSnowmarkedthedeathsonamap.5Hefoundthatmostofthedeathswerenearawaterpump.6Hehadthehandleremovedfromthewaterpump.7Heannouncedthatthewatercarriedthedisease.8KingCholerawasdefeated.?AnswerkeyforExercise2:1JohnSnowfinallyprovedhisideabecausehefoundanoutbreakthatwasclearlyrelatedtocholera,collectedinformationandwasabletotiecasesoutsidetheareatothepollutedwater.2No.ThemaphelpedJohnSnoworganizehisideas.Hewasabletoidentifythosehouseholdsthathadhadmanydeathsandchecktheirwater-drinkinghabits.Heidentifiedthosehousesthathadhadnodeathsandsurveyedtheirdrinkinghabits.Theevidenceclearlypointedtothepollutedwaterbeingthecause.3Threediseases,whicharesimilartoday,areSARS,AIDSandbirdflu,becausetheyareserious,haveanunknowncauseandneedpublichealthcaretosolvethem.?SamplesummaryforExercise3:JohnSnowwantedtofindthecauseofcholera.Hebelievedthatpeoplebecameillaftereatinginfectedfood.Heusedthenextoutbreakofcholeratotesthisidea.Hestudiedasmallareaofhouseswhichgottheirwaterfromthesamepump.Manypeopleintheareadied.JohnSnowshowedthatthiswasbecausethewaterinthepumpwasinfected.Heshowedthatcholeracouldbedefeatedifpeopledrankcleanwater.LEARNINGABOUTLANGUAGEDiscoveringusefulwordsandexpressions?SuggestedanswerstoExercise1:1victim2physician3analys