8.2-Avoiding-plagiarism-(7)

AvoidPlagiarismDefinitionofPlagiarismPlagiarism:–fromaLatinwordfor“abductor”Plagiarismistheuseoffacts,opinions,andlanguagetakenfromanotherwriterwithoutacknowledgement.–Itisjustasimmoralordishonestasstealingorcheating.TwoTypesofPlagiarism1)Deliberateplagiarism2)Accidentalplagiarism–Whetherdeliberateoraccidental.Plagiarismisaseriousandoftenpunishableoffense.1)DeliberatePlagiarismCopyingaphrase,asentence,oralongerpassagefromasourceandpassingitoffasyourown.Summarizingorparaphrasingsomeone’sideaswithoutacknowledgingyourdebt.Buyingatermpaperandhandingitinasyourown.2)AccidentalPlagiarismForgettingtoplacequotationmarksaroundanotherwriter’swords.Omittingasourcecitationforanother’sideabecauseyouareunawareoftheneedtoacknowledgetheidea.Checklistforavoidingplagiarism1)Whattypeofsourceareyouusing:YourownindependentmaterialCommonknowledgeSomeoneelse’smaterialChecklistforavoidingplagiarism2)Ifyouarequotingsomeone’smaterial,isthequotationexact?–Haveyouinsertedquotationmarksaroundquotationsrunintothetext?–Haveyoushownomissionswithellipsesandadditionswithbrackets?Checklistforavoidingplagiarism3)Ifyouareparaphrasingorsummarizingsomeone’smaterial,haveyouusedyourownwordsandsentencestructure?–Doesyourparaphraseorsummaryemployquotationmarkswhenyouresorttotheauthor’sexactlanguage?–Haveyourepresentedtheauthor’smeaningwithoutdistortion?Checklistforavoidingplagiarism4)Iseachuseofsomeone’smaterialacknowledgedinyoutext?–Areallyoursourcecitationscompleteandaccurate?Checklistforavoidingplagiarism5)Doesyourlistofworkscitedincludeallthesourcesyouhavedrawnfrominwritingyourpaper?Rulestoavoidplagiarism1)Thelanguageinyourpapermustbeeitheryourownoradirectquotefromtheoriginalauthor.2)Youdonotmakeanotherwriter'sworkyourownbysimplychangingafewwordsorphrasesofit.3)Iffactsoropinionsinyourpapercomefromanotherwriter,youmakenotestoacknowledgethat.4)Ifthelanguagecomesfromanotherwriter,youusequotationmarksinadditiontomakinganote.WhattoAcknowledgeWhenyouwritearesearchpaper,youcoordinateinformationfromthreekindsofsources:1.Yourindependentthoughtsandexperiences.2.Commonknowledge,thebasicknowledgepeopleshare.3.Otherpeople’sindependentthoughtsandexperience.WhattoAcknowledgeYoumustalwaysacknowledgeotherpeople’sindependentmaterial.Youmustacknowledgenotonlyideasorfactsbutalsothelanguageandformat.–Wording/diction(语言风格)–Sentencestructures–Arrangementofthoughts–SpecialgraphicformatConclusionAnytimeyouusematerialderivedfromspecificsource,youareethicallyobligatedtoletyourreadersknowwhodeservesthecredit.–whetherquotedpassagesorsummariesorparaphrasesoffact,opinion,explanationorideaYoumusttellyourreaderspreciselywherethematerialcamefromsothattheycanlocateitforthemselves.Example1.(Original)Ihavesaidthatscienceisimpossiblewithoutfaith.BythisIdonotmeanthatthefaithonwhichsciencedependsisreligiousinnatureorinvolvestheacceptanceofanyofthedogmaoftheordinaryreligiouscreed,yetwithoutfaiththatnatureissubjecttolawtheircanbenoscience.Noamountofdemonstrationcaneverprovethatnatureissubjecttolaw.PlagiarismScienceisimpossiblewithoutfaiththatnatureissubjecttolaw.–(Borrowedwordingwithoutquotation.)PlagiarismFaithmakessciencepossible.Thisdoesnotmeanthatsciencerestsonreligiousfaithortheacceptanceofreligiousdogmas,butwithoutthefaiththatnaturefunctionaccordingtolaws,sciencecannotexist.–(imitatesentencestructure)CorrectparaphraseThebeliefthatnaturefunctionsinaccordancewithlawsmakessciencepossible.–(documentationisstillneededtogivecreditfortheideaeventhoughthepassagehasbeenrestated.)CorrectparaphraseSciencedependsonfaith,notreligiousfaith,butthefaiththat“natureissubjecttolaw.”–(anadequatesummarywithaphrasequotedtopreservethetoneoftheoriginal.)Example2(original)Thecharacterandmentalityofthekeepersmaybeofmoreimportanceinunderstandingprisonsthanthecharacterandmentalityofthekept.PlagiarismButthecharacterofprisonofficials(thekeepers)ismoreimportantinunderstandingprisonsthanthecharacteroftheprison(thekept).QuotationAccordingtoonecriticofthepenalsystem,“Thecharacterandmentalityofthekeepersmaybeofmoreimportanceinunderstandingprisonsthanthecharacterandmentalityofthekept”(Mitford9).ParaphraseOnecriticofthepenalsystemmaintainsthatwemaybeabletolearnmoreaboutprisonsfromthepsychologyoftheprisonofficialsthanfromthatoftheprisoners(Mitford9).ParaphrasevPlagiarismYouarenotparaphrasingbutplagiarizing,evenifyouacknowledgethesources.–Ifyouadoptthesource’ssentencepatternandsimplysubstitutesynonymsforkeywords–Ifyouusetheoriginalwordsmerelychangethesentencepattern,•Becausebothmethodsusesomeoneelse’sexpressionwithoutquotationmarks.YourownwordsInparaphrasingorsummarizingyoumust–notonlydeviseyourownformofexpression–butalsorepresenttheauthor’smeaningexactly,withoutdistortingit.Citation1)Summary2)Paraphrase3)Directquotation4)Acombinationofthesemethods1)SummaryWhenyousummarizeyoucondenseanextendedideaorargumentintoasentenceormoreinyourownwords.–Summaryismostusefulwhenyouwanttorecordthegist(thecentralidea)ofanauthor’sideawithoutthebackgroundorsupportingevidence.Example:Original(28words):–Shebrough