英语语法-从句

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英语语法--从句张小宁2011-11-21从句1--名词性从句概念:名词从句是指在复合句中起名词作用的从句。包括:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、和同位语从句。分类--引导名词从句的连接词可分为:(1)连接代词:who(-ever),what(-ever),whomz(-ever),whose(2)连接副词:when,where,why,how(3)连接词:that,whether,if注意:连接副词和连接代词在从句中充当一定的句子成分,而连接词在从句中不充当句子成分,只起连接作用!1—主语从句在句中充当主语的从句叫主语从句,它位于主句的谓语动词之前。(it引导的从句除外!)例句(1):Whowillgomakesnodifference.Itmakesnodifferencewhowillgo(2):Thatairhaspressurewasknownlongago.Itwasknownlongagothatairhaspressure.当用It作为形式主语时,that引导的真正主语放在句末,这种大致有4中情况:(a)It+be+形容词+that从句(b)It+be+名词+that从句(c)It+be+ed分词+that从句(d)It+seems/happens/appears/matters/occurs等+that从句2-宾语从句在主句中位于及物动词之后或少数介词之后,充当主句宾语的从句为宾语从句如:我的父母教我要时时刻刻尽己所能MyparentsteachmethatIshouldalwaysdomybest.我们发现每天练习英语口语是有必要的Wefinditnecessarythatwe(should)practicespokenEnglisheveryday.3-表语从句位于主句中系动词后,在主句中充当表语的从句叫表语从句。如:你最大的毛病就是你太粗心Yourgreatestfaultisthatyouarecareless.住在这个国家的一个好处是人能贴近大自然Oneadvantageoflivinginthecountryisthatonecangetclosetonature.4—同位语从句跟在名词后面、进一步说明该名词的具体内容的从句是同位语从句。如:你能不能提出证据,证明他那天夜里不在家?Canyouproduceanyevidencethathewasnotathomethatnight?我们吃惊于孩子们做它完全靠他们自己Wearesurprisedatthefactthatthechildrendiditalltheirown.连接代词引导的名词性从句及其语法功能这些代词的语法功能不是完全一样的,引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句,分别在句中作主语、宾语和表语。而且,这些连接代词在自己引导的从句中充当一定的语法成分,可充当主语、宾语、表语和定语等。What的语法功能(1)引导主语从句如:Whatismostimportantinlifeisnotmoney.(2)引导宾语从句Wecanlearnwhatwedidnotknow.(3)引导表语从句Sheisnotwhatshewasafewyearsago.Whatever的语法功能(1)引导主语从句Whateverhedoseisridiculous(2)引导宾语从句Ijustsaywhatevercomesintomyhead.我想到了什么就说什么Who与Whoever的语法功能(1)引导宾语从句Iaskedhimwhocameintoroom.Whoever(1)引导主语从句Whoevercomeswillbewelcome.(2)引导宾语从句Heknewthefilescouldbeofhelptowhoevertookoverthejob.Whether与if的用法这两个词在从句中起着引导作用,并有“是否”的意思。If引导的名词性从句不能置于句首,Whether可以引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句。Whethermancanflytothemoonisnolongeraquestionnow.Weaskedhimif/whetherhecouldgototheparty.连接副词when,where,why,howWhenshewillbebackdependsmuchontheweather.I’dliketoknowwhenthey’lllethimoutThatwaswhenIwasthirteen.思考:when在句中分别引导什么从句,是什么成分?WhereIt’sreallynobusinessofyourswherehe’llspendhisholdays.Thefirstthingistofindoutwheresheis.That’swhereyou’rewrong.HowHowheescapedstillpuzzlesus.Iaskedhowhewasgettingon.Thisishowtheybuiltthebridge.WhyWhyhediditwillremainapuzzleforever.Idon’tseewhyitshouldn’twork.ThatwaswhyshespokeEnglishsofunnily.从句2—定语从句概念:用来修饰名词或代词的从句,由关系代词或关系副词来引导。一般来说,关系代词在定语中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语;关系副词在定语从句中作状语(时间或地点状语)。分类:根据先行词与定语从句的关系程度,可分为限制性定语从句和非限制定语从句。限制性定语从句限制性定语从句对于说明和限定句子的意义来说是必不可少的,如果取消它,句子的意思就不完整。另一个显著特点是,从句与被修饰的名词之间没有逗号。如:Sheisthewriterwhosebookshavebeenpublisherinmanylanguages.Asoldierwhodosenotwanttobeamarshalisnotagoodsoldier.非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句是用来进一步补充和说明句子的意义,如去掉它,并不影响句子意思的完整,另一个显著特点就是从句与被修饰词之间一般有逗号隔开。如:Thebookwon’tbepublisheduntilnextyear,whichisdisappointing.ProfessorLiu,who(m)Ihaveadmired,istovisittheuniversitynextweek.关系代词Who–(当定语从句修饰的名词是人时)翻译:你认识刚才和你讲话的那个女士吗?Whom-是who的宾格,在定从中做介词的宾语,有时可用who代替whom作宾语。翻译:昨天和你一起上班的那个男孩是谁?★That-既可修饰事物也可修饰人的名词,在定从中可做主语、宾语和表语。7种用法★Which-一般指代事物,也可指代人,4种用法关系代词Whose—在定从用作名词定语翻译:昨天我给你看过的照片上的那些学生,很快就要到这里来了。★As(1)在非限制性定语从句中,as往往指整个主句的内容。如:Heisateacher,asisclearfromhismanner;Asisoftenthecase,wehavewonthematch.(2)在限制性定语从句中,as和such或thesame连用。如:Peoplesuchaswererecommendedbyhimwereprofessorsoftheuniversity.(3)关系代词As或which引导非限定从中的区别:非限定从句位于句首时,只用as,不用which。Aswasnatural,hemarriedher.=Hemarriedher,whichwasnatural.当关系代词指的是先行词本身时,只能用which,不能用as.Than—翻译:他挣得钱比他花得多;不要给他超出需要的钱。But—作关系代词时,其意思是“没有…的”,在定语从句中做主语。如:Therewasnopersonbutknewthesecretalready.关系副词—时间、地点、原因When:在定从中作时间状语你知道我们必须提交第一篇论文的时间么?Doyouknowthedatewhenwehavetosubmitthefirstessay?Where:在定从中做地点状语Wewenttonewcampus,wherewesawanewgym.Why:在定从中做原因状语,只能修饰先行词reasonDoyouknowthereasonwhyshekeptsilent?Thisisthereasonwhyhedidso.从句3—状语从句概念:起状语作用的从句。分为:时间、地点、条件、原因、目的、结果、让步、方式、比较等九种类型。时间状语从句从属连词:when,whenever,while,as,before,after,since,till,once,until,assoonas,aslongas等。定冠词+表示时间的名词。如:themoment,theinstant(一…就)。一些含有时间意义的副词:instantly,immediately,directly,anytime.一些表示时间意义的副词短语:everytime/eachtime/thefirsttime/thenexttime/bythetime(到什么时候为止)关联词:nosooner…than(刚…就),hardly/barely/scarely…when地点状语从句从属连词有:where,wherever,everywhere,anywhere,nomatterwhere等翻译:无论你在哪儿,你都可以追求自己的梦想。你想去哪儿都可以条件状语从句引导条件状语从句的从属连词:If,unless,suppose(假如),provided(倘若),incase(万一),onconditionthat,aslongas/solongas(只要…等)等。例句:如果我受责备,你也应该受-IfIamtoblame,youaretoblame,too.倘若没有反对意见的话,我就将担任本班的代表-Providedthatthereisnoopposition,Iwillactasrepresentativeofourclass.翻译:假如下雨的话,我们还是要去。原因状语从句从属连词:because,since(既然、因为,由于),as,for,that,inthat,consideringthat,seeng,now,notthat…butthat等例句:Don’tswear,forIdislikeswearing.IwasluckyinthatIwasabletofindagoodbaby-sitter.ConsideringhehasonlybeenlearningEnglishayearhespeaksitverywell.目的状语从句从属连词有:sothat,inorderthat,forfearthat(唯恐,以防),incase(以防)等翻译:说清楚点,以便让大家听懂你说什么Takeyourcoatincaseitrains.结果状语从句从属连词有:that(以至于),sothat,such…that等Itwassuchcolddaythattherewasnobodyonthestreet.Heisselfish,sothatnobodylikeshim.让步状语从句让步状语从句,其主从句之间已存在着转折关系,所以although/though和but绝对不可以连用!!从属连词有:although/though,while(尽管,虽然),as,that,whetheror/ornot,evenif/eventhough,nomatter(what/how/when/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