英语语法--从句张小宁2011-11-21从句1--名词性从句概念:名词从句是指在复合句中起名词作用的从句。包括:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、和同位语从句。分类--引导名词从句的连接词可分为:(1)连接代词:who(-ever),what(-ever),whomz(-ever),whose(2)连接副词:when,where,why,how(3)连接词:that,whether,if注意:连接副词和连接代词在从句中充当一定的句子成分,而连接词在从句中不充当句子成分,只起连接作用!1—主语从句在句中充当主语的从句叫主语从句,它位于主句的谓语动词之前。(it引导的从句除外!)例句(1):Whowillgomakesnodifference.Itmakesnodifferencewhowillgo(2):Thatairhaspressurewasknownlongago.Itwasknownlongagothatairhaspressure.当用It作为形式主语时,that引导的真正主语放在句末,这种大致有4中情况:(a)It+be+形容词+that从句(b)It+be+名词+that从句(c)It+be+ed分词+that从句(d)It+seems/happens/appears/matters/occurs等+that从句2-宾语从句在主句中位于及物动词之后或少数介词之后,充当主句宾语的从句为宾语从句如:我的父母教我要时时刻刻尽己所能MyparentsteachmethatIshouldalwaysdomybest.我们发现每天练习英语口语是有必要的Wefinditnecessarythatwe(should)practicespokenEnglisheveryday.3-表语从句位于主句中系动词后,在主句中充当表语的从句叫表语从句。如:你最大的毛病就是你太粗心Yourgreatestfaultisthatyouarecareless.住在这个国家的一个好处是人能贴近大自然Oneadvantageoflivinginthecountryisthatonecangetclosetonature.4—同位语从句跟在名词后面、进一步说明该名词的具体内容的从句是同位语从句。如:你能不能提出证据,证明他那天夜里不在家?Canyouproduceanyevidencethathewasnotathomethatnight?我们吃惊于孩子们做它完全靠他们自己Wearesurprisedatthefactthatthechildrendiditalltheirown.连接代词引导的名词性从句及其语法功能这些代词的语法功能不是完全一样的,引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句,分别在句中作主语、宾语和表语。而且,这些连接代词在自己引导的从句中充当一定的语法成分,可充当主语、宾语、表语和定语等。What的语法功能(1)引导主语从句如:Whatismostimportantinlifeisnotmoney.(2)引导宾语从句Wecanlearnwhatwedidnotknow.(3)引导表语从句Sheisnotwhatshewasafewyearsago.Whatever的语法功能(1)引导主语从句Whateverhedoseisridiculous(2)引导宾语从句Ijustsaywhatevercomesintomyhead.我想到了什么就说什么Who与Whoever的语法功能(1)引导宾语从句Iaskedhimwhocameintoroom.Whoever(1)引导主语从句Whoevercomeswillbewelcome.(2)引导宾语从句Heknewthefilescouldbeofhelptowhoevertookoverthejob.Whether与if的用法这两个词在从句中起着引导作用,并有“是否”的意思。If引导的名词性从句不能置于句首,Whether可以引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句。Whethermancanflytothemoonisnolongeraquestionnow.Weaskedhimif/whetherhecouldgototheparty.连接副词when,where,why,howWhenshewillbebackdependsmuchontheweather.I’dliketoknowwhenthey’lllethimoutThatwaswhenIwasthirteen.思考:when在句中分别引导什么从句,是什么成分?WhereIt’sreallynobusinessofyourswherehe’llspendhisholdays.Thefirstthingistofindoutwheresheis.That’swhereyou’rewrong.HowHowheescapedstillpuzzlesus.Iaskedhowhewasgettingon.Thisishowtheybuiltthebridge.WhyWhyhediditwillremainapuzzleforever.Idon’tseewhyitshouldn’twork.ThatwaswhyshespokeEnglishsofunnily.从句2—定语从句概念:用来修饰名词或代词的从句,由关系代词或关系副词来引导。一般来说,关系代词在定语中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语;关系副词在定语从句中作状语(时间或地点状语)。分类:根据先行词与定语从句的关系程度,可分为限制性定语从句和非限制定语从句。限制性定语从句限制性定语从句对于说明和限定句子的意义来说是必不可少的,如果取消它,句子的意思就不完整。另一个显著特点是,从句与被修饰的名词之间没有逗号。如:Sheisthewriterwhosebookshavebeenpublisherinmanylanguages.Asoldierwhodosenotwanttobeamarshalisnotagoodsoldier.非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句是用来进一步补充和说明句子的意义,如去掉它,并不影响句子意思的完整,另一个显著特点就是从句与被修饰词之间一般有逗号隔开。如:Thebookwon’tbepublisheduntilnextyear,whichisdisappointing.ProfessorLiu,who(m)Ihaveadmired,istovisittheuniversitynextweek.关系代词Who–(当定语从句修饰的名词是人时)翻译:你认识刚才和你讲话的那个女士吗?Whom-是who的宾格,在定从中做介词的宾语,有时可用who代替whom作宾语。翻译:昨天和你一起上班的那个男孩是谁?★That-既可修饰事物也可修饰人的名词,在定从中可做主语、宾语和表语。7种用法★Which-一般指代事物,也可指代人,4种用法关系代词Whose—在定从用作名词定语翻译:昨天我给你看过的照片上的那些学生,很快就要到这里来了。★As(1)在非限制性定语从句中,as往往指整个主句的内容。如:Heisateacher,asisclearfromhismanner;Asisoftenthecase,wehavewonthematch.(2)在限制性定语从句中,as和such或thesame连用。如:Peoplesuchaswererecommendedbyhimwereprofessorsoftheuniversity.(3)关系代词As或which引导非限定从中的区别:非限定从句位于句首时,只用as,不用which。Aswasnatural,hemarriedher.=Hemarriedher,whichwasnatural.当关系代词指的是先行词本身时,只能用which,不能用as.Than—翻译:他挣得钱比他花得多;不要给他超出需要的钱。But—作关系代词时,其意思是“没有…的”,在定语从句中做主语。如:Therewasnopersonbutknewthesecretalready.关系副词—时间、地点、原因When:在定从中作时间状语你知道我们必须提交第一篇论文的时间么?Doyouknowthedatewhenwehavetosubmitthefirstessay?Where:在定从中做地点状语Wewenttonewcampus,wherewesawanewgym.Why:在定从中做原因状语,只能修饰先行词reasonDoyouknowthereasonwhyshekeptsilent?Thisisthereasonwhyhedidso.从句3—状语从句概念:起状语作用的从句。分为:时间、地点、条件、原因、目的、结果、让步、方式、比较等九种类型。时间状语从句从属连词:when,whenever,while,as,before,after,since,till,once,until,assoonas,aslongas等。定冠词+表示时间的名词。如:themoment,theinstant(一…就)。一些含有时间意义的副词:instantly,immediately,directly,anytime.一些表示时间意义的副词短语:everytime/eachtime/thefirsttime/thenexttime/bythetime(到什么时候为止)关联词:nosooner…than(刚…就),hardly/barely/scarely…when地点状语从句从属连词有:where,wherever,everywhere,anywhere,nomatterwhere等翻译:无论你在哪儿,你都可以追求自己的梦想。你想去哪儿都可以条件状语从句引导条件状语从句的从属连词:If,unless,suppose(假如),provided(倘若),incase(万一),onconditionthat,aslongas/solongas(只要…等)等。例句:如果我受责备,你也应该受-IfIamtoblame,youaretoblame,too.倘若没有反对意见的话,我就将担任本班的代表-Providedthatthereisnoopposition,Iwillactasrepresentativeofourclass.翻译:假如下雨的话,我们还是要去。原因状语从句从属连词:because,since(既然、因为,由于),as,for,that,inthat,consideringthat,seeng,now,notthat…butthat等例句:Don’tswear,forIdislikeswearing.IwasluckyinthatIwasabletofindagoodbaby-sitter.ConsideringhehasonlybeenlearningEnglishayearhespeaksitverywell.目的状语从句从属连词有:sothat,inorderthat,forfearthat(唯恐,以防),incase(以防)等翻译:说清楚点,以便让大家听懂你说什么Takeyourcoatincaseitrains.结果状语从句从属连词有:that(以至于),sothat,such…that等Itwassuchcolddaythattherewasnobodyonthestreet.Heisselfish,sothatnobodylikeshim.让步状语从句让步状语从句,其主从句之间已存在着转折关系,所以although/though和but绝对不可以连用!!从属连词有:although/though,while(尽管,虽然),as,that,whetheror/ornot,evenif/eventhough,nomatter(what/how/when/