awalkingstickawashingmachinesleeppillsastickforwalkingamachineforwashingpillsforsleeping表示被修饰词的某种用途,意为“供······之用”,可以改为for的短语。此用法常置于名词前。Thebabyrecognizedhismother’ssmilingface.Theboyrushedintotheburningwoodstosavetheanimals.表示被修饰词的动作或状态,可以表示正在进行也可以表示经常性动作。Theboystandingthereismybestfriend.Theboywhoisstandingthereismybestfriend.v-ing短语作定语,一般放在名词之后,相当于一个定语从句。ArrivinginQingdao,Ilostmyway.WhenIarrivedinQingdao,Ilostmyway.v-ing作时间状语,v-ing表示动作刚刚发生,谓语动词表示动作随之发生。Livingfarfromtheschool,Ihavetogetupearly.BecaueseIlivefarfromtheschool,Ihavetogetupearly.v-ing做原因状语,相当于原因状语从句,它们也可以相互转化。Workinghardatyourlessons,youwillbesuccessful.Ifyouworkhardatyourlessons,youwillbesuccessful.v-ing表示一种假设情况,相当于条件状语从句,有时在v-ing短语前加上if,unless使条件更加明确。Havingfailedmanytimes,henevergivesup.Thoughhefailedmanytimes,henevergivesup.v-ing做让步状语,相当于状语从句,v-ing前可带连词although,evenif,though。Istoodbythedoor,sayingnothing.Istoodbythedoor,butIsaidnothing.v-ing做伴随状语,用来说明动作发生背景或情况。一般情况v-ing与谓语动词表示动作同时发生。可以转化为并列句。Shefelloffthebike,breakingherleftleg.Shefelloffthebike,andshebrokeherleftleg.v-ing做结果状语表示必然结果,通常放在主句后,用逗号分开。可以转化成并列句。1.时间性:若v-ing与谓语动词动作同时发生,用一般式(doing);若v-ing动作先于谓语动词动作发生,用完成时(havingdone)。eg:Playinginthepark,Imetmyfriend.Havingfinishedmyhomework,Iwentforawalk.2.语法性:v-ing主动还是被动,取决于v-ing与句子主语间关系。主要体现在完成时。eg:Havingbeentoldthenews,hewassurprised.Havingeatenanorange,hewashappy.3.人称一致性:v-ing逻辑主语是句子主语。eg:Playinginthepark,Ilostmyhandbag.v.-ing形式做状语和定语v-ing作定语:1.表示被修饰词的用途2.表示所修饰词的动作或状态v-ing作状语:性质:时间性、语法性、人称一致性功能:时间状语、原因状语、条件状语让步状语、伴随状语、结果状语