领导协调理论

[e-mail]王云峰：领导协调理论1ManagementCourseforMSGraduateStudentsUNITFIVE领导协调理论[e-mail]王云峰：领导协调理论2引言如何运用奖赏和激励权力（士气和积极性）如何和谐组织以实现组织目标（沟通和创造性）有效领导者的个性与为人（天赋和修养）[e-mail]王云峰：领导协调理论35.1MotivatingandRewardingEmployees激励原理早期激励理论现代激励理论[e-mail]王云峰：领导协调理论4Drives行为冲动SearchBehavior付诸行动Tension精神不安ReductionofTension恢复平静SatisfiedNeed渴望得以满足TheMotivationProcess动机源于需要UnsatisfiedNeed内心渴望[e-mail]王云峰：领导协调理论5Maslow’sHierarchyofNeedsSelfEsteem自尊Social社交Safety安全Physiological生存需要具有层次性：有层次地调动积极性[e-mail]王云峰：领导协调理论6TheoryXWorkers懒惰无能，屈于强迫DislikeWorkAvoidResponsibilityLittleAmbitionTheoryYWorkers勤奋上进，渴望赏识EnjoyWorkAcceptResponsibilitySelf-Directed满足需要有不同的态度：消极的和积极的[e-mail]王云峰：领导协调理论7Herzberg’sTwo-FactorTheory物质需要和精神需要：安抚和激发相结合HygieneFactors安抚Motivators激发HighHighJobDissatisfactionJobSatisfaction0•Qualityofsupervision•Salaryandbenefits•Companypolicies•Workingconditions•Relationswithothers•Securityandstatus•Careeradvancement•Recognition•Workitself•Responsibility•Advancement•[e-mail]王云峰：领导协调理论8早期激励理论（20世纪50年代）需要具有层次性（Maslow’sHierarchyofNeeds）满足需要的态度具有差异性（TheoryXandYWorkers）需要分为物质的（安抚）和精神的（激发）（Herzberg’sTwo-FactorTheory）[e-mail]王云峰：领导协调理论9现代激励理论深入探讨精神需要需要理论：每个人都渴望成功、支配、荣耀（Three-needstheory,McCleland,1961,1969）公平理论：每个人都渴望获得较他人公平的待遇（Equitytheory,Adams,1965）期望理论：动机强度取决于各人对努力、绩效和目标的信念（Expectancytheory,Vroom,1966）工作特性理论：任何工作都具有满足员工精神需要的特性（JobCharacteristicsModel,HackmanandOldham,1976）[e-mail]王云峰：领导协调理论10TheTheoryofNeeds渴望成就荣耀DavidMcClelland渴望成功NeedForAchievement(nAch)渴望支配NeedForPower(nPow)渴望荣耀NeedForAffiliation(nAff)[e-mail]王云峰：领导协调理论11EquityTheory渴望公平待遇RatioComparison*Employee’sPerceptionOutcomesAInputsAOutcomesAInputsAOutcomesAInputsAOutcomesBInputsBOutcomesBInputsBOutcomesBInputsB=Inequity(Under-Rewarded)EquityInequity(Over-Rewarded)*WhereAistheemployee,[e-mail]王云峰：领导协调理论12TheJobCharacteristicsModel渴望工作实现自我SkillVariety技能多样TaskIdentity任务明确TaskSignificance有意义Autonomy自主Feedback认可[e-mail]王云峰：领导协调理论13CharacteristicsExamplesSkillVariety•HighvarietyTheowner-operatorofagaragewhodoeselectricalrepair,rebuildsengines,doesbodywork,andinteractswithcustomers•LowvarietyAbodyshopworkerwhosprayspainteighthoursadayTaskIdentity•HighidentityAcabinetmakerwhodesignsapieceoffurniture,selectsthewood,buildstheobject,andfinishesittoperfection•LowidentityAworkerinafurniturefactorywhooperatesalathetomaketablelegsTaskSignificance•HighsignificanceNursingthesickinahospitalintensive-careunit•LowsignificanceSweepinghospitalfloorsAutonomy•HighautonomyAtelephoneinstallerwhoscheduleshisorherownworkfortheday,anddecidesonthebesttechniquesforaparticularinstallation•LowautonomyAtelephoneoperatorwhomusthandlecallsastheycomeaccordingtoaroutine,highlyspecifiedprocedureFeedback•HighfeedbackAnelectronicsfactoryworkerwhoassemblesaradioandthentestsittodetermineifitoperatesproperly•LowfeedbackAnelectronicsfactoryworkerwhoassemblesaradioandthenroutesittoaqualitycontrolinspectorwho[e-mail]王云峰：领导协调理论14PersonalandWorkOutcomesCoreJobDimensionsCriticalPsychologicalStatesTheJobCharacteristicsModelSkillvarietyTaskidentifyTasksignificanceExperiencedmeaningfulnessoftheworkExperiencedresponsibilityforoutcomesoftheworkKnowledgeoftheactualresultsoftheworkactivitiesAutonomyFeedbackHighinternalworkmotivationHigh-qualityworkperformanceHighsatisfactionwiththe[e-mail]王云峰：领导协调理论15TheMotivatingPotentialScoreMotivatingPotentialScore(MPS)AutonomyFeedback=SkillVarietyTaskIdentityTaskSignificance++3XXHighMPSIncreasesMotiv[e-mail]王云峰：领导协调理论16ExpectancyTheory期望理论3.Rewards-personalgoalsrelationship1.Effort-performancerelationship2.Performance-rewardsrelationshipIndividualEffortIndiv[e-mail]王云峰：领导协调理论17AnIntegrativeModelofMotivation综合模型PersonalGoalsAbilityOpportunityPerformanceAppraisalCriteriaHighnAchIndividualPerformancePerformanceAppraisalSystemReinforcementIndividualEffortDominantNeedsEquit[e-mail]王云峰：领导协调理论18ContemporaryMotivationIssues激励课题•Workforcediversity队伍多样化•Pay-for-performance绩效、时间•Minimum-wageworkers下层员工•Professionalemployees专业员工•Technicalworkers技工[e-mail]王云峰：领导协调理论19FlexibleWorkOptions弹性工作制CompressedWorkweek压缩周工时Flextime弹性上班制JobSharing岗位共享Telecommuting远程办公[e-mail]王云峰：领导协调理论20激励：基于尊重巧在使用领导必须用人做事，带领下属成就事业实现组织目标和使命尊重下属、提供机会、科学考核、公平奖赏、授权参与，方能调动下属的积极性和创造性，提高做事效率和效果[e-mail]王云峰：领导协调理论215.2CommunicationandInterpersonalSkill加强沟通旨在促进组织和谐克服沟通障碍掌握沟通技能Listening,Feedback,[e-mail]王云峰：领导协调理论22TheCommunicationProcess沟通过程（信息流程）Sender发射Encoding编码Receiver接收Decoding解码Channel频道FeedbackMessageMessageNoise信息干扰[e-mail]王云峰：领导协调理论23CommunicationIssuesWrittenCommunication