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中学英语语法Chapter1词类、句子成分和构词法一、词类（10种）•名词•形容词•代词•数词•冠词动词•副词•介词•连词•感叹词•名词:表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。boy,morning,bag,ball,class,orange…•代词主要用来代替名词who,she,you,it…•形容词表示人或事物的性质或特征.good,right…•数词:表示数目或事物的one,two,first…•动词：表示动作或状.am,is,are,have,see…•副词：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等now,very,here,often,quietly,slowly…•冠词：用在名词前,帮助说明名词a,an,the•介词：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。in,on,from,above,behind…•连词:用来连接词、短语或句子and,but,before…•感叹词:表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情oh,well,hi,hello...二、句子成分（7种）•主语:谁（名词或代词）I’mMissGreen.•谓语:做什么（动词）Hecleanstheroom.•表语:怎么样（名词、代词或形容词）MynameisPingping•宾语:什么（名词或代词）Hecanspelltheword•定语:修饰名词或代词abigcity•状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词（副词）.workshard•宾补:说明宾语怎么样或干什么(形容词或动词)keeptheirclassroomclean☆同位语:紧跟在名词代词后面,进一步说明Whereisyourclassmate,Tom?CHUSANYINGYUZONGFUXI名词的数名词的所有格名词的变化可数名词不可数名词普通名词专有名词名词：可数名词不可数名词单数复数转变一、英语可数名词的单复数•规则变化①在单数名词词尾加s②s,o,x,sh,ch结尾的词加es③以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es④以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。•不规则变化man→men,woman→women,sheep→sheep…•不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词abagofrice→twobagsofrice,apieceofpaper→threepiecesofpaper…Practice:•Therearemany(bus)and(car)onthestreet.•.Ihavetwo(watch),soIgivea(watch)tomysister.•YesterdayIwenttothesupermarketandboughtsome（dish）carsbuseswatcheswatchdishes练习：写出下列单词的单数或复数形式friendcattreessquestionsskeystoysphotostomatoespotatoesleaf/leaveszoosradiosholidaysbaby/babiescity/citiesroofsbusesboxes二、名词所有格•表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加’s：Childern’sDay(儿童节)•以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加’Teachers’Day(教师节)•有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’sChina’spopulation(中国的人口).•无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系afinedaughteroftheParty(党的好女儿).单复数同形:英语中，有些名词的单数与复数同行:例：people、Chinese、Japanese、fish、deer（鹿）、sheep（绵羊）e.g:Therearemanyfishintheriver.Wehaveafishforlunch.记住以下10个要把f或者fe改成v加es的单词：wife(妻子)，life(生命)，knife(小刀)，leaf(树叶)，thief(贼)，half(一半)，self(自己)，shelf(架子)，loaf(面包)，wolf(狼)。重点但roof-roofs(屋顶)是例外！！辨认下列哪些是名词，哪些不是名词：computer，takecoffee，water，run.notebook.bring,table,sportinteresting,Mondayagenewactorsell根据所给单词的正确形式填空：1.Differentpeoplemayhavedifferent_____.(idea)2.Ioftengotoworkon.(foot)3.Iknowoneofthe.(boy)4.Mr.Browniswearingapairof.(glass)5.Pleasegivethemtheir.(photo)6.Arethereanyinthebox?(watch)7.Therearetwelveinayear.(month)ideasfootboysglassesphotoswatchesmonths8.Wouldyoulikesome?(tomato)9.Lookatthoseintheboats!(people)10.Look!Thearesinging.(woman)11.September10thisDay.(teacher)12.Jimhassome.(knife)13.Howmucharethese?(vegetable)14.Myschoolistwenty________walkfromhere.(minute)15.Thegirlunderthetreeisafriendof________.(Lucy)Lucy’sminutes’vegetablestomatoespeoplewomenTeachers’knives代词–人称代词•物主代词•反身代词•指示代词•关系代词•疑问代词•连接代词•不定代词人称代词物主代词反身代词指示代词相互代词疑问代词关系代词不定代词一.概念二、分类:按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：主格I,you,she,he,it,we,you,they,宾格me,you,her,him,it,us,you,themadj性my,your,her,his,its,our,your,their,n性mine,yours,hers,his,its,ours,yours,theirsmyself,yourself,herself,himself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves,oneselfthis,that,these,those,eachother,oneanotherwho,whom,which,whose,whatwho,whom,which,whose,that,as代词是代替名词的一种词类。用来代替上文中提到过的人或物。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。sth…;sb…;both…;all…;no;another,others…一.人称代词第一人称第二人称第三人称人称格数单数复数主格宾格主格宾格Iyouhesheitmeyouhimheritweyoutheyusyouthem主格、宾格、所有格讲解1、人称代词主格：在句子开头作主语，表示谁怎么样了、干什么了。例:1)Iamateacher.2)Youarestudent.Heisastudent,too.3)We/You/Theyarestudents.2、人称代词宾格：在动词或介词后作宾语，表示动作行为的对象。例：1）Giveittome.2)Let’sgo(let’s=letus)3.物主代词所有格:用在名词前，表示是谁的东西例:1)Thisismybook.2)Weloveourmotherland.我们热爱我们的祖国二.物主代词人称分类第一人称第二人称第三人称单数复数单数复数单数复数形容词性名词性myouryouryourhisheritstheirmineoursyoursyourshishersitstheirs5.Shall_____havealookatthatclassroom?Thatis_____classroom.(we)6.Arethese_____tickets?No,______arenot_______.________aren'there.(they)7.Ihaveabeautifulcat.______nameisMimi.Thesecakesare______.(it)theytheirourwetheirsTheirsitsits1、单数你他我，复数一二三，道歉我为先.一.人称代词1.我、你、他、都18岁。__________________2.你们、我们、他们都来自中国。______________________________.You,heandIare18.We,youandtheyarefromChina2、在简短对话中，当人称代词单独使用或在not后多用宾格.—IlikeEnglish.—_____too.A.IB.HeC.Me1.—Whobrokethewindow?—Not_____.A.IB.heC.her2.MissLiinvited__havedinnerwithher.A.meandyouB.youandIC.youandme3.Whotaught_____Englishlastterm?A.themB.theirC.they1．Isthis________book?A．YouB．IC．sheD．your2．It'sabird.________nameisPolly.A．ItsB．It'sC．HisD．It3．What'sthat?________ajeep.A．it'sB．ItsC．It'sD．its4．What'sthatinEnglish?________.A．It'seggB．That'seggC．It'saeggD．It'sanegg√√√√练习一、用所给词的适当形式填空1.Thatisnot_________kite.Thatkiteisverysmall,but_________isverybig.(I)2.Thedressis_________.Giveitto_________.(she)3._________dressesarered.(we)Whatcolourare_________?(you)4._________ismybrother._________nameisJack.Look!Thosestampsare_________.(he)mymineherhersHeHisOurhisyours一、选出括号中正确的词，在正确的词上打勾。1.Thisis（my/I）mother.2.Nicetomeet（your/you）.3.（He/His）nameisMark.4.What’s（she/her）name?5.Excuse（me/my/I）.√√√√√Exercises：正确的代词形式填空。1.__amPeter.____momisateacher.(my)2.____isatallboy.____nameisJim.(He)3.Thatisn’tacat.____(It/They)isadog.4.____arefromBritain.What’s____name?(you).5.____isnew.What’s____name?(her)6.____arestudents.(you)IMyHeHisItYouyourSheherThey•1.这是你的狗。这只狗是你的。•2.这是她的汉堡包。这个汉堡包是她的。•3.这是他的猫。这只猫是他的。•4.这些是我们的香蕉。这些香蕉是我们的。•5.这是他们的汽车。这辆汽车是他们的。Thisisherhamburger.Thisha