Lesson 5FRANCE LANDSCAPE DESIGN: SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES•comprehend (page 61, line ): vt. 理解;包含;由…组成•Seine(page 61, line 1): n. 塞纳河•Loire(page 61, line 1): n. 卢瓦尔河•subsidiary(page 61, line 4): adj. 附属的;辅助的n. 子公司;辅助者•Orleans(page 61, line 4): n. 奥尔良(法国城市)•undulate(page 61, line 5): v. 波动adj. 波动的•intersperse(page 61, line 6): v. 点縀;散布•disperse: v. 分散,驱散,传播•cathedral(page 61, line 6): n. 大教堂•château(page 61, line 6): n. 城堡•canalize(page 61, line 7): vt. 在…开运河;将…导入水道;修改成运河–canal: n. 运河;水道;管道•crisscross(page 61, line 7): v. 十字交错adj. 纵横交错的•Louvre(page 61, line 12): n. (法)罗浮宫•Tuileries(page 61, line 13): n. 杜伊勒里宫(巴黎旧王宫,现为公园)•a responsible man 一个可以信赖的人•a man responsible 一位应负责任的人•当形容词前有so, more, most 等词修饰时,常后置。例如:•He could not have chosen a time more favorable.•形容词包含在词组里通常后置,其功能相当于一个定语从句。Any boy clever at games …, or Any boy who is clever at games …•Paris itself was a densely populated and thriving city set on lines of continental communications, reshapedin the second half of the sixteenth century by the change of royal residence from the île de France.•set on lines of continental communications:位于几个大陆的交通线上,作city的定语•reshaped …分词独立结构作状语,它的主语是Paris: 在16世纪下半叶,巴黎由于皇室居住区自法兰西岛(the île de France)的迁入而进行了改造。•flush(page 61, line 17): n. (喻)旺盛期,生气勃勃期•parity (page 61, line 18): n. 平等; 类似;相同•cultivated (page 61, line 19):adj. 耕种的;有教养的,有修养的•elegant(page 61, line 19): adj. 高雅的,优雅的;讲究的•eminent (page 61, line 20): adj. 杰出的;有名的;明显的•ruthlessly(page 61, line 24): adv. 无情地;无怜悯心地;残忍地–ruth: n. 怜悯,悲哀•shrewdly (page 61, line 26): adv. 精明干练地•expenditure (page 61, line 28): n. 支出,花费•(page 61, line 19): Cultivated, elegant and appreciative of the Italian Renaissance, Francis invited eminent Italian artists and craftsmen to his court at Amboise on the Loire; …•因为弗朗西斯(Francis)是个有修养、高雅并且对意大利文艺复兴赞赏的人,所以他邀请了著名的意大利艺术家和工匠到他在洛伊尔(Loire)的安布瓦斯(Amboise)宫中;……•(page 61, line 22): Louis VIII Louis XIII •(page 61, line 25)On this basis Louis XIV (1661~1715) ruled for fifty years, shrewdly and efficiently, enlargingFrench influence abroad to become the dominant power in Europe, encouragingthe arts and sciences at home, and creating in his Court at Versailles a civilization of pleasure thathas had no equal.•在此基础上,路易十四(1616—1715)精明地、富有效率地统治了50年,同时他扩大了法国在国外的影响力,使之成为欧洲的支配力量,在国内鼓励艺术与科学的发展,在他的凡尔赛宫庭之中创造出了举世无双的欢乐文明。•centre upon/on (page 62, line 6): 集中于•in principle (page 62, line 7): 大体上,基本上•docilely(page 62, line 6): adv. 听话地;温顺地•Catholic (page 62, line 9): n. & adj. 天主教•facade [fəˈsa:d] (page 62, line 9): n. 建筑物正面; (喻)(虚假的)表象•uniformity (page 62, line 14): n. 一致•conical (page 62, line 16): adj. 圆锥的;圆锥形的•projection (page 62, line 16): n. 投射•the end justified the means:[谚]只要目的正当, 可以不择手段。•(page 62, line 4)In this it differed from that of Italy, wherethere had always existed a passionate desire that art should convey something of the unknown world that lay beyond the sense.•超意识的未知世界•(page 62, line 12) Light writers such as Moliere (1622~1673) were encouraged, providedthey were in accord with the regime.•provided :如果•(page 62, line 15) Blaise Pascal (1623~1662), natural philosopher and mathematician, evolved(推断出) the transformation of geometrical figures by conical and optical projection(射影), and may thus have encouraged the three‐dimensional geometry of Le Notre.•may + 完成时:对过去的猜想•lay out (page 62, line 24): 布局,设计;布置图,平面图layout•innovation (page 62, line 16): n. 创新•advent (page 62, line 26): n. 到来,出现the advent of ………的到来•dignity (page 62, line 28): n. 尊严,高贵–dign‐尊严,ity‐名词后縀(quality of ) //indignant愤怒的、愤慨的(in‐不,dign‐尊严,ant‐的‐‐没有尊严的、失态的‐‐愤怒、发飚)//dignify 使有尊严(‐ify, to make 使~)•carnival (page 62, line 16): n. 狂欢节,嘉年华•barge (page 62, line 30): n. 驳船;游艇•firework (page 62, line 30): n. 烟火•(page 62, line 20)Few churches were built, the energy being directed towards new country estate monarch and nobility.分词独立结构,与主句有不同的主语。•(page 62, line 30)The concept of comprehensive landscape‐planning, apparent at Richelieu, was fully realized in the gardens, palace and town of Versailles, which came to symbolize the power of a united nation.•黎塞留所表明的综合性的景观规划概念在凡尔赛的花园、宫殿和城镇中得到了全面的实现,凡尔赛成为了一个统一的国家权力的象征。•graft (page 62, line 34): vt. & n. 移植;嫁接;贪污•moat (page 62, line 35): vt. 将...围以壕沟•chateau (page 62, line 35): n. 城堡;别墅•reliant upon (page 62, line 39): adj. 依赖的;依靠…的//reliance on n. 依赖,信赖•be likened to (page 63, line 3): 比作•eloquent (page 63, line 4): adj. 意味深长的;雄辩的;有说服力的•medley (page 63, line 30): n. 混合•(page 62, line 35): The moated chateau gave rise to an imaginative water relationship from which sprang Chenonceau (1515) and later inspired both moated house and independent canal at Vaux‐le‐Vicomte ( 1661). •护城河环绕的城堡引起了人们对水的联想,由此促使了Chenonceau(1515年)的建造,并且后来又激发人们在Vaux‐le‐Vicomte (1661年)修建了带护城河的房舍和独立的运河。•(page 63, line 2): The French grouping of buildings might be likened to a military parade where all ranks were properly positioned and moved only on instruction; the Italian to a fashionable party, where eloquent and not so eloquent were in common medley and movement.•法国对建筑的组群或许可比拟于