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Lesson3ClassicalChineseGarden苏州园林TheClassicalGardensofSuzhouClassicalChinesegardendesign,whichseekstorecreatenaturallandscapesinminiature,isnowherebetterillustratedthanintheninegardensinthehistoriccityofSuzhou.Theyaregenerallyacknowledgedtobemasterpiecesofthegenre.Datingfromthe11th-19thcentury,thegardensreflecttheprofoundmetaphysicalimportantofnaturebeautyinChinesecultureintheirmeticulousdesign.——WHC,UNESCOPreciousculturalheritagesoftheworldThehistoryofSuzhouclassicalgardensdatesbacktothegardenofKingofWuinthe6thcentury,whereastheearliestrecordofprivategardenswasfoundtobePijiang(TerritoryDeveloping)GardeninEastJinDynasty.FamousgardengrewinnumberwiththetimeandbyMingandQingDynastytheywereeverywhereinSuzhouanddozensofthemhavesurvivedintacttothepresent.Thetopofthesegardens,suchasHumbleAdministrator’sGarden（拙政园）,lingeringGarden（留园）,Master-of-NetsGarden（网师园）,andMountainVillawithEmbracingBeauty（环秀山庄）,areworksintheprimeoftheprivatelandscapearchitecture,characterizedasthemodelintheirprofoundmood,delicatecomposition,elegantartandculturalconnotation.Theyarevaluesasworldheritagesmainlyforthefollowingdistinctions:ConceptsketchingphilosophyoflandscapeartThearchitectureofSuzhoulandscapeconstructionsharesahistoricalrootingwithChineseliteratureandfinearts,especiallytheconcept-sketchingpaintingsbyinfluencesofTangandSongDynasties,whichwerematerializedinreallifeasexcellentmodelgardens.IdealresidentialandlivingenvironmentSuzhougardenaretheintegrationoffamilyresidenceandlandscapeforbothdailylivingandenjoyment,ahumancreationofarelinedandperfectedhabitatforintimacyandharmonywithnatureinadenselypopulatedurbansettingoflittlenaturalbeauty.苏州古典园林宅院合一，可赏、可游、可居，这种建筑形态的形成，是在人口密集和缺乏自然风光的城市中，人类依恋自然，追求与自然和谐相处，美化和完善自身居住环境的一种创造。Itslayout,composition,shape,style,coloraswellasdecoration,furniture,andappliance,aretypicalofthefolkmansionsofsouthernChinainMingandQingDynasty,notonlymirroringtheadvancedhousingculturebutalsoaffectingthearchitecturalstylealloversouthernChina.苏州古典园林建筑的布局，结构、造型、风格、色彩以及装修、家具、陈设等各个方面内容，是明清时期江南民间建筑的杰出代表，反应了高度的居住文明，并影响到整个江南城市的建筑格调。AmpleconnotationofsocialcultureSuzhougardenarethecarrieroftraditionalChinesephilosophy.Thenamingofthegardens,thehallhoards(匾额)andpillarcouplets(楹联),thecalligraphystoneslabs(书条石),carvings(雕刻),anddecorations,arenotonlylineornamentsbutalsoawealthofhistory,culture,philosophy,andscience.苏州古典园林是中国传统思想文化的载体，园林厅堂的命名、匾额、楹联、书条石、雕刻、装饰灯，不仅是点缀园林的精美艺术品，同时储存了大量的历史、文化、思想和科学信息。SomeareoftheideologiesofConfucianism,Buddhism,andTaoism,someadvocateprinciplesforhumanlifeandpersonalitycultivation,andsomeaddelegancetothegardenlandscapeswithreferencefromtheclassicstobringthescenesuptosentimentalappreciation.其中有的反映了传统儒、释、道等各家哲学观念、思想流派；有的宣扬人生哲理，陶冶高尚情操；还有的借助古典诗词文学，对园景进行点缀、渲染，使人于栖息游赏中，化景物为情思，产生意境美。ModelofgardenconstructionSuzhougardenshowtheChineseadvancementandcolorinlandscapeconstruction.Builtinalimitedareawithtechniquesofcontrast,settingoff,borrowedviews,thepartrevealingthewholeandthelessexcellingthemore,theyputtogetherthehouses,towers,andpavilionstoaminiatureoflandscapetocreateanideallivingspaceof“urbanmountain”and“anamicableenvironmentthatbringmanintoharmonywithnature”.Naturalbeautyofthegarden“Thewiseenjoysmountainandthebenevolentpreferswater”,thereforetheessenceofSuzhougardensisanallusionandconnotationofnaturallandscapethataimsintheharmoniousco-existenceofmanandeverycreationofthenature.Mostofthesegardenswereactuallyprivate,whichperfectlyunitethehumanhabitatwithnaturalenvironment,thehousewithgarden,andthehumanbeingswithnature.FantasyofrocksSuzhouseatsonplainofmanywaterbutfewhighlandsordeepvalleys,andthere-creationhastoappealtoartificialmountainswithearthandstonesorpiledupwithrocks.Theloveforstonesandliterarycompositionsonstonesdevelopedintoatradition.Ingardensstonesareusedasanexpressionofhumanmentalworldandpersonifiedwithanadmirablenobility.Peaksofrocksareacommonsceneofthegardens,andthestonesaremainlybouldersofTaihuLakeoryellowstones,whichshouldlook“slender,draining,pierced,wrinkled”andcharacteristicofbeing“clean,stubborn,weirdandclumsy”.苏州园林中石峰被大量的运用，多为太湖石和黄石。石峰的外形需具有“瘦、漏、透、皱”和“清、顽、丑、拙”的特点。CrownCloudPeak冠云峰AuspiciousCloudPeak瑞云峰ElegantCloudPeak岫云峰MountainVillawithEmbracingBeauty环秀山庄CharmofwatersWaterisakeyelementofSuzhougardens,likemountains,waterhasanaestheticvalueandpersonalitytotheeducated.Sayinglike“waterismyfriendforitisnotashamedtobeplain”and“bothwaterandmymindprefereaseandfreedom”aretypicalexpressionsoftheancientpeople’sdesireforseclusion.ThewaterinSuzhougardensgivelifeandvigortothemountainsandrocks,whichinreturngivethewaterstheirshapes.SinceSuzhougardensaregenerallysmall,theplacementofwatersisexceptionallythoughtful.Thewaterpondsareusuallyirregularinshape,dottedwithlittleislesinthewaterconnectedwithbridges,sothattheviewwouldbevariedandenriched.Theinletandoutletofthewateraredeliberatelyhiddeninafewbaystotheeffectthatthewatercomesandgoestosomewherewaitingforexploration.Withwaterinfrontandmountainatback,asenseofinfinitecharmoflandscapeisbeautifullyproduced.RetreatandReflectionGarden退思园GrotesqueplantsTheplantsenliven