Charpter5-35.3.NaturallyOccurringPolymers5.3.1IntroductionOneofthestrongest,mostrapidlygrowingareasofpolymerchemistryisthatinvolvingnaturalpolymers.Ourbodiesarelargelycomposedofpolymers:DNA,RNA,proteins,andpolycarbohydrates.Thesearerelatedtoaging,awareness,mobility,strength,andsoon,i.e.,allofthecharacteristicsthatcontributetoourbeingaliveandwell.Manymedical,health,andbiologicalprojectsandadvancesareconcernedwithmaterialswhichare,atleastinpart,polymeric.Thereisanever-increasingemphasisonmolecularbiology,i.e.,chemistryappliedtonaturalsystems.Thus,anunderstandingofpolymericprinciplesisadvantageoustothosedesiringtopursueacareerrelatedtotheirnaturalenvironment.Physicallythereisnodifferenceinthebehavior,study,ortestingofnaturalandsyntheticpolymers,andinformationtechniquessuitableforapplicationtosyntheticpolymersareequallyapplicabletonaturalpolymers.5.3.天然聚合物5.3.1介绍一种高分子化学最强,增长最迅速的领域之一是,涉及天然聚合物。我们的身体是主要由聚合物:DNA,RNA,蛋白质和聚碳水化合物。这些都与衰老,提高认识,流动性,强度,等等,也就是说,所有这一切有助于我们是活得很好的特性。许多医疗,卫生,生物工程及垫款所关注的材料,这些材料,至少部分聚合。有一个不断增长的强调分子生物学,即化学应用到自然系统。因此,聚合物原理的理解有利于那些渴望推动有关自然环境的职业生涯。物理地存在于该行为,学习,或天然和合成聚合物的测试没有差异,并且适合于应用到合成高分子的信息的技术同样适用于天然聚合物。Whilethespecificchemistryandphysicsdealingwithsyntheticpolymersarecomplicated,thechemistryandphysicsofnaturalpolymersareevenmorecomplex,complicatedbyanumberofrelatedfactors,including(1)thefactthatmanynaturalpolymersarecomposedofdifferent,oftensimilar,repeatunits;(2)agreaterdependencyontheexactnaturalpolymerenvironment;(3)thequestionoftherealstructureofthenaturalpolymerinitsnaturalenvironment;and(4)thefactthatpolymershapeandsizeareevenmoreimportanttonaturalpolymersthantosyntheticpolymers.Industriallyweareundergoingareemergenceoftheuseofnaturalpolymersinmanynewandoldareas.Sincenaturalpolymersaretypicallyregenerableresources,naturecancontinuetosynthesizeasweharvestthem.Manynaturalpolymersarealsopresentinlargequantities.Forinstance,cellulosemakesupaboutone-thirdofthebulkoftheentirevegetablekingdom,beingpresentincornstocks,treeleaves,carrottops,grass,andsoon.Withtherealizationthatwemustconserveandregulateourchemicalresourcescomesfromtheawarenessthatwemustfindsubstitutesforresourcesthatarenotselfgenerating,suchasoil,gas,andmetals—thus,theunderlyingreasonfortheincreasedemphasisinpolymerchemistrytowardtheuseandmodificationofnatural,regenerablepolymersbyindustry.而特定的化学和处理的合成聚合物物理学是复杂的,天然聚合物的化学和物理是更复杂的,由一些相关因素,包括(1)事实上,许多天然聚合物组成的不同,常相似复杂时,重复单元(2)上的确切天然聚合物环境有较大的依赖性;在其天然环境中的天然聚合物的真实结构(3)的问题,和(4)的事实,聚合物的形状和尺寸是更重要的来比去合成聚合物天然聚合物。在工业上,我们正在经历的众多新老地区利用天然聚合物的再度出现。由于天然聚合物通常是可再生的资源,自然可以继续合成,因为我们收获它们。许多天然聚合物也存在大量。例如,纤维素,约占三分之一的散装整个植物界的,存在于玉米库存,树叶,胡萝卜上衣,草,等等。随着我们必须保护和规范我们的化工资源,实现来自于,我们必须寻找替代资源未selfgenerating,如石油,天然气和金属,因此,根本原因在高分子化学的日益重视朝意识天然的,可再生的聚合物行业的使用和修改。Therecognitionthatthesupplyofpetroleumandcoalislimitedandrelativelycostlyhasledtoanemphasisonnatural,renewablematerialsasreplacementsorsubstitutesforproductmaterialsnowderivedfrompetroleumandcoal.Also,renewableresourceshavevaluableandsometimesdifferentpropertiesoftheirown.Naturalfeedstocksmustservemanyhumanpurposes.Carbohydratesasrawmaterialsarevaluableduetotheiractualorpotentialnutritionalvalue.Forexample,proteinplantsarealreadyutilizingrapidlyreproduciblebacteriathatmetabolizecellulosewastes.Thus,bacteriaareaddedtoanutrientbrothemphasizingcellulose;thebacteriafeedonthemixture,convertingittomoreprotein-richbacteria;thebacteriaareharvestedandusedasaproteinfeedmeal.However,thereispotentiallyavailableenoughrenewablecarbohydratetoservebothfoodandpolymerneeds,andresearchintothemodificationofcarbohydratesmustcontinueatanincreasedrate.即石油和煤炭的供应是有限的,相对昂贵的认同,导致注重天然,可再生材料作为替代品或替代现在来自石油及煤制品材料。另外,可再生资源有自己的有价值的和有时是不同的属性。天然原料必须服务于人类的许多用途。糖类为原料,由于它们的实际或潜在的营养价值的价值。例如,植物蛋白已经利用了纤维素的代谢废物迅速重现性细菌。因此,细菌被添加到营养肉汤中,强调纤维素;细菌饲料的混合物,将其转化为富含蛋白质的细菌;细菌被收获并用作蛋白质饲料膳食。然而,有可能获得足够的可再生的碳水化合物同时服务于食品和聚合物的需求,研成碳水化合物的修改,必须继续以提高速度。Whenplantoranimaltissuesareextractedwithnonpolarsolvents,aportionofthematerialdissolves.Thecomponentsofthissolublefractionarecalledlipidsandincludefattyacids,triacylglycerols,waxes,terpenes,prostaglandins,andsteroids.Theinsolubleportioncontainsthemorepolarplantandanimalcomponentsandcrosslinkedmaterials,includingcarbohydrates,lignin,proteins,andnucleicacids.Therearenumerousnaturalmaterialsandmanywaystopartitionsuchmaterials.Table10.1containsonesuchlistingalongwithsuitablegeneralsubheadings.Table10.2listsanumberofnaturalproductsasafunctionofgeneralavailability.当植物或动物组织与非极性溶剂萃取,将材料的一部分溶解。此可溶部分的部件被称为脂质和包括脂肪酸,甘油三酯,蜡,萜类,前列腺素,类固醇。不溶部分含有极性较大的植物和动物的成分和交联的材料,包括碳水化合物,木质素,蛋白质,以及核酸。有许多天然材料和许多方式来分割这些材料。表10.1包含与适合一般的副标题这样的一个列表。表10.2列出了许多天然产物作为一般可用性的功能。Biologicalpolymersrepresentsuccessfulstrategiesthatarebeingstudiedbyscientistsasavenuestodifferentandbetterpolymersandpolymerstructurecontrol.Sample“designrules”andapproachesthatareemergingincludethefollowing:IdentificationofmersequencesthatgivematerialswithparticularpropertiesIdentificationofmersequencesthatkeycertainstructuralchangesFormationofabroadrangeofmaterialswithawidevarietyofgeneral/specificpropertiesandfunction(suchasproteins/enzymes