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心理学专业英语总结——HXY随意传阅·顺颂试安注释：1.“*”在书上是黑体字，但感觉不重要背了也没什么卵用2.“”背景色项表示答案恰好有三项，可能出选择3.人名已加黑，可能连线或选择4.每章节的末尾有方便记忆的单词表（只包括这篇总结中出现的关键单词）5.方便理解记忆，已在各项下方注明中文释义6.“,”大部分都是作为点之间的分割，类似于逗号，前后不连成句子Chapter1——Perspectivesinpsychology心理学纵览Section1:Approachestopsychology心理学入门Whatispsychology?心理学是什么Definitions:Thescientificstudyofbehaviourandmentalprocesses.定义：对行为和心理过程的科学研究Psychologycomefrom:①philosophy,②biology③physics.心理学来源于：哲学、生物学和医学When:1879asaseparatescientificdiscipline.形成于：1879年，作为独立学科History(develop):structuralism,functionalism,psychoanalysis,behaviourism,cognitivepsychology,humanisticapproach,biologicalapproach.历史发展：结构主义，机能主义，精神分析，行为主义，认知，人本主义，生理。Thepsychoanalyticapproachtopsychology精神分析理论Origins&history:SigmundFreud,unconsciousmentalcauses,treatasthecausesofmentaldisorders,builtupantheory.历史来源：弗洛伊德提出潜意识心理动机，把它视为心理疾病的原因，并建立理论。Assumptions:unconsciousprocesses,psychicdeterminism,hydraulicdrives,psychodynamicconflict,stagesofdevelopment.假设：潜意识过程，精神决定论，驱力（攻击、性），心理动力冲突，发展阶段Methodsofinvestigation:casestudy(method),freeassociation(tech),dreamanalysis(tech).研究方法：个案研究方法，自由联想技术，梦的解析技术*Areasofexplanation:personalitydevelopment,moral/genderdevelopment,aggression,abnormality,memory.可解释领域：人格发展，道德/性别发展，攻击性，异常，记忆*Weaknesses:unrefutable,theoreticallyunscientific.缺点：不可被其他事件驳斥，因此理论不具科学性Thebehaviouristapproachtopsychology行为主义理论Origins&history:JohnWatson,empiricism,learning.历史来源：华生，经验主义，学习Assumptions:behaviourislearnedfromtheenvironment,onlyobservablebehaviourshouldbestudied.假设：行为来源于环境，研究可观察的行为*Areasofexplanation:languageacquisition,moraldevelopment,attraction,abnormality.可解释领域：语言习得，道德发展，吸引，异常Thehumanisticapproachtopsychology人本主义理论Origins&history:consciousfreewill,aimedtoinvestigatealltheuniquelyhumanaspectsofexperience,Maslowandself-actualise,CarlRogersandclient-centredtherapy.历史来源：自由意志，人类特有的经验，马斯洛的自我实现，罗杰斯的来访者中心疗法Assumptions:studyhumannototheranimal,mustbemeaningfultohuman,studyinternalexperienceandfreewill,studytheindividualcase,studiedintheirenvironmentalcontext.假设：关于人的观点必须出于对于人的研究，研究应对人类有用，研究内部体验和自由意志，研究个案，研究应在具体环境下Areasofexplanation:personality/selfidentity,motivation,abnormality.可解释领域：人格/自我认同，动机，异常Thecognitiveapproachtopsychology认知主义理论Originsandhistory:computer,informationprocessors,internalmentalprocesses.历史来源：计算机，类比人脑为信息加工者，内部心理过程。JeromeBruner*Areas:memory,perception,attention,artificialintelligence,socialcognition,cognitivedevelopment.可解释领域：记忆，知觉，注意，人工智能，社会认知，认知发展*Practicalapplications:memory,education,therapy,personalityassessment.实践应用：记忆，教育，治疗，人格测评Thebiologicalapproachtopsychology生理心理学RogerSperry罗杰·斯佩里*Areasofexplanation:genderdevelopment,aggression,abnormality,memory,motivation,awareness.可解释领域：性别发展，攻击性，异常，记忆，动机，意识*Practicalapplication:localisationoffunction,therapy.实践应用：功能定位说，治疗Thereductionismdebateinpsychology关于还原论的争论1.Reductionism还原论Assumptions:explainingaphenomenonbybreakingitdownintoitsconstituentpartsandthenanalysingit.假设：通过将现象拆分成组成部分并分析的方法解释现象Against:①oversimplification②valueofexplanation③validityofreductionism.反对理由：过度简化，解释的价值（细节/有用性），效度2.Holism&Interactionism整体论（与互动论）Assumptions:thewholeisgreaterthanthesumofitsparts.假设：整体优于部分*Examples:humanisticpsychology,socialpsychology,psychoanalysis,abnormalpsychology,perception.例子：人本，社会，精神分析，变态，知觉Against:practicaldifficulty,ignorethehugeinfluenceofbiology,lackthepredictivepower.反对理由：难于实践研究，忽略生理影响，缺乏预测力Thenature-nurturedebateinpsychology先后天之争1.Nature先天遗传决定论Approach:①rootsoftheapproach(nativistphilosophy,biology,evolutionarytheory)理论根源②causesofbehaviour（geneticdeterminism,inheritedinfluence,maturationalblueprint,neurochemicalandhormonalinfluences,brainactivity)（基因、遗传、个体成熟、神经化学与荷尔蒙的影响和大脑活动。）③methods(genemapping,twin/adoptionstudy,brainscanning,brainstimulation/damagestudy,drugtest)④implications(behaviourcanonlybechangedthroughphysicalmeans)启示⑤criticisms(reductionist,neglectenvironmentalinfluences)过于简单，忽视环境对人行为的影响2.Nurture后天环境决定论Approach:①roots(empiricismphilosophy,behaviourism,socialpsychology)经验主义哲学、行为、社会②causesofbehaviour（blankslateatbirth,experience,learningfromenvironment)源于经验和环境学习③methods(classicalandoperantconditioningtechniques,manipulationofsocialenvironment)研究方法（经典条件反射、操作性条件反射，改变社会环境）④implications(Anybodycouldbetrainedtodoanything)启示⑤criticisms(reductionist,neglectinnateinfluences)过于简单，忽视遗传因素在人行为中的作用3.Both*Areasofexplanation:perception,aggression,sex-rolebehaviour,abnormality,languageacquisition.可解释领域：知觉，攻击性，性别角色行为，异常，语言获得*Interactionexamples:perception,cognitivedevelopment,abnormality,sex-rolebehaviour.交互作用举例：感知觉，认知发展，行为异常，性别角色行为*Thestandingofthedifferent:biopsychology,psychoanalysis,cognitivepsychology,humanism,behaviourism.二者在心理学中作用：生理心理学，精神分析，认知，人本，行为Thefreewillvs.Determinismdebateinpsychology自由意志理论与决定论之争1.FreewillAssumptions:humansarefreetochoosetheirbehabiour,self-determining,softdeterminism(WilliamJames).假设：人类可以自由选择行为，人本质上是自我决定的，软决定论Against:difficulttodefine,evidenceismostlysubjective,beincompatiblewiththedeterministicassumptionsofscience.反对理由：很难定义，证据主观，与决定论的科学性不匹配2.DeterminismAssumptions:everyphysicaleventiscaused,futureeventsareentirelypredictable,emphasisoncau