Problem12

Problem12answer:1.IPProvidescomputer-to-computercommunicationwhichsourceanddestinationaddressesarecomputers.TransportProtocolsprovideapplication-to-applicationcommunicationwhichneedextendedaddressingmechanismtoidentifyapplicationscalledend-to-end.2.Portnumbernisa16-bitintegerusedtoidentifyanapplication.3.TCP/IPsuitecontainstwotransportprotocols:UserDatagramProtocol(UDP)TransmissionControlProtocol(TCP).Theydifferintheservicetheyoffertoapplications.4.UDPcanbecharacterizedas:End-to-endandConnections.5.Voiceandvideotrafficisgenerallytransmittedusingudp.Real-timevideoandaudiostreamingprotocolsaredesignedtoandleoccasionallostpackets,soonlyslightdegradationinqualityoccurs,ratherthanlargedelaysiflostpacketswereretransmitted.6.UDPallowsfourstylesofinteraction:1-to-11-to-manymany-to-1many-to-many.TCPonlyallowsonetypeofinteraction:1-to-many.7.UDPmessageiscalleduserdatagramandTCPmessageiscalleduserdatagram.8.TCPisareliabletransportprotocolwithfourfeatures:1)ConnectionOrientation--ComparingwithconnectionlessUDP2)Point-to-PointCommunication--eachTCPconnectionhasexactlytwoendpoints3)CompleteReliability--TCPguaranteesthatthedatasentacrossaconnectionwillbedeliveredcompletelyandinorder4).FullDuplexCommunication--allowsdatatoflowineitherdirection9.TheServiceTCPProvidestoApplicationsare:StreamInterface,ReliableConnectionStartup,GracefulConnectionShutdown.10.ThesenderattachesasequencenumbertoeachTCPsegment.ReceiverusesittodiscardtheduplicatesandputTCPdataintherightorder.11.TCP'sretransmissionisthekeytoitssuccessbecauseithandlescommunicationacrossanarbitrarypath12.TCPrecordretransmissiontimeroneachconnection,thenusestatisticalfunctionbasedonittogetcurrentestimateandusecurrentestimatetosetretransmissiontimer.13.TCPusesawindowmechanismtocontroltheflowofdata.ATCPwindowismeasuredinmeasuredinbytes..14.Toestablishorterminateconnectionsreliably,TCPusesa3-wayhandshake.15.TCP's3-wayexchangeisnecessaryandsufficienttoensureunambiguousagreementdespitepacketloss,duplication,delay,andreplayevents.ThehandshakeinsuresthatTCPwillnotopenorcloseaconnectionuntilbothendshaveagreed.16.Termsynchronizationsegment(SYNsegment)isusedina3-wayhandshaketocreateaconnection.TermFINsegment(shortforfinishsegment)isusedina3-wayhandshaketocloseaconnection