第44卷第4期煤 炭 学 报Vol.44 No.4 2019年4月JOURNALOFCHINACOALSOCIETYApr. 2019 移动阅读钱鸣高,许家林.煤炭开采与岩层运动[J].煤炭学报,2019,44(4):973-984.doi:10.13225/j.cnki.jccs.2019.0337QIANMinggao,XUJialin.Behaviorsofstratamovementincoalmining[J].JournalofChinaCoalSociety,2019,44(4):973-984.doi:10.13225/j.cnki.jccs.2019.0337煤炭开采与岩层运动钱鸣高1,2,许家林2(1.中国矿业大学(北京),北京 100083;2.中国矿业大学煤炭资源与安全开采国家重点实验室,江苏徐州 221116)摘 要:采矿是从地层内获取煤炭资源的过程,是一次对矿区地层的扰动,必然引起岩层运动和地层内应力场与裂隙场的改变,从而影响矿压显现、地下水流失和地表沉陷等安全与环境问题。因此,采动岩层运动及其对安全与环境的影响规律是煤炭开采的基础科学问题,对这些规律的认识将提高煤炭开采的科学性。由于采动岩层运动的复杂性,至今仍然有很多问题没有解决。介绍了采动覆岩运动的块体结构形式、岩层运动对工作面空间维护的影响、岩层运动对覆岩裂隙演化与地下水和地表沉陷等环境问题的影响、岩层运动对采动应力场影响等方面的研究进展与存在的主要问题,明确了岩层运动研究的重点和方向。结果表明:采动岩层运动是一种坚硬岩层破断前的应力集中和破断后形成块体的力学行为,坚硬岩层的破断和块体运动具有突变和不连续性,破断块体互相咬合可能形成“大变形”结构,块体咬合结构的S-R稳定性将对矿压显现、采动裂隙和地表沉陷等产生重要影响。岩层运动是一个“黑箱”,目前仅仅在控制原理上得到解释,达到“灰箱”程度。因此,岩层控制在很多场合只能是“宏观”控制。“砌体梁”结构力学模型的建立明确了支护原理和支架工作阻力估算原则。一般情况下,按照4~8倍采高岩柱自重估算支架工作阻力可以满足工程需要,在大采高或薄直接顶、浅部开采、特殊压架条件等情况下支架工作阻力估算应采用上限,个别条件下单纯提高支架阻力仍无法彻底解决压架问题,还需配套实施相关工程措施加以防范。根据覆岩关键层破断块体结构的稳定性,将我国不同表土层条件下的地表沉陷划分为3种类型,提出应根据地表沉陷的不同类型进行预测、控制与选择复垦方法。关键层的赋存与破断特性对采动应力分布影响显著。目前,由于应力集中引起的事故比瓦斯事故更难以预防,为此,深部和构造应力集中区域只能开设试验矿井。关键词:岩层运动;“砌体梁”结构;关键层;块体运动;科学采矿中图分类号:TD8 文献标志码:A 文章编号:0253-9993(2019)04-0973-12收稿日期:2019-03-16 修回日期:2019-03-22 责任编辑:许升阳 基金项目:国家重点研发计划资助项目(2016YFC0501100) 作者简介:钱鸣高(1932—),男,江苏无锡人,中国工程院院士,教授,博士生导师。E-mail:mgqian@cumt.edu.cnBehaviorsofstratamovementincoalminingQIANMinggao1,2,XUJialin2(1.ChinaUniversityofMiningandTechnology(Beijing),Beijing 100083,China;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofCoalResourcesandSafeMining,ChinaUniver-sityofMiningandTechnology,Xuzhou 221116,China)Abstract:Coalmininginvolvesextractingtheresourcesfromtheearth.Itwilldisturbthestrataintheminingarea,whichinevitablycausesstratamovementandthechangeofstressandfracturefields,thusaffectsafetyandenvironmen-talsuchastheoccurrenceofgroundpressure,groundwaterlossandsurfacesubsidence.Therefore,mining-inducedstratamovementanditsinfluenceonsafetyandenvironmentarethebasicscientificproblemsofcoalmining.Theun-derstandingoftheselawswillimprovethescientificnatureofcoalmining.Becauseofthecomplexityofstratamove-ment,however,therearestillseveralissuestobeaddressed.Thispaperintroducesthemining-inducedstratamovement煤 炭 学 报2019年第44卷oftheblockstructure,whichisfollowedbythereviewofadvancesandoutstandingissuesintheinfluenceofstratamovementonlongwallfacesupport,mining-inducedfracturesevolution,groundwater,surfacesubsidence,andmining-inducedstressfield.Itisfoundthatmining-inducedstratamovementisacombinationofstressconcentrationcausedbythespanofthickandhardstrataandthemechanicalbehaviorsoftherockblocksassociatedwiththebreakageofthestrata.Duringthecollapseofthickstrataandthecorrespondingrockblockmovement,thecharacteristicsofmutationsanddiscontinuitiestypicallyoccur.Insuchaprocess,astructurethatcansustainlargedeformationmaybeformedaf-tertherockblocksarehinged.The“R-S”stabilityofthestructurecausessignificantinfluencetosuchphenomenaastheoccurrenceofgroundpressure,mining-inducedfracturesandsurfacesubsidence.Mining-inducedstratamovementislikea“blackbox”system.Currentlyitisjustexplainedintheaspectofcontrolprinciple,andreachesthelevelofa“graybox”system.Therefore,stratacontrolrefersto“macroscopic”controlinmanyengineeringcases.TheVoussoirBeammodelhasestablishedlongwallsupporttheoryandtheestimationprincipleofsupportworkingresistance.Inageneralcase,thesupportresistancethatisdeterminedastheweightoftheoverburdenwithathicknessof4-8timestheminingheightcouldmeetthesafetyrequirementsofmostminingprojects.Specially,8timesshouldbechosenforthelongwallswithalargeminingheightorathinimmediateroof,ashallowcoverdepth,orthesupportcrushrisks.Asforsomeparticularconditions,however,supportcrushcannotbeavoidedbythesinglemeasureofincreasingsupportresistance,butshouldbecombinedwithotherengineeringprecautionarymeasures.Accordingtothestabilityofrockblocksofoverburdenkeystrata,threetypeswereproposedtocharacterizesurfacesubsidenceforvariedalluviumcon-ditionsindifferentareasofChina.Itissuggestedthatsubsidencetypeshouldbeconsideredduringtheselectionofsubsidenceprediction,controlandreclamationmethods.Thepresenceofkeystrataandthecorrespondingbreakagecharacteristicsplayavitalroleinthedistributionofmining-inducedstress.Atpresent,thepreventionofaccidentscausedbystressconcentrationisharderthanthatofmethaneaccidents.Withthisinmind,itissuggestedthatonlytest-styleminescouldbeestablishedintheareaswithtectonicstressconcentrationoralargedepth.Thispaperpointsoutthedirectionforthestudyofstratamovementandthecorrespondinginfluenceonsafetyandenvironmentinthecoalminingindustry.Keywords:stratamovement;voussoirbeamstructure;keystrata;blockmovement;sustainablemining 采矿长期以来被认为是一种技术。为此,煤炭企业大多在采矿工艺和采矿系统等方面下功夫,不断提高采矿机械化程度并完善与之相适应的开拓系统,以达到高产高效目的。例如,从技术上由手工发展到全面机械化、自动化与智能化,从系统上由房柱开采发展到长壁开采,单个工作面的产量也由几十万吨提高到上千万吨。然而,采矿是从矿区地层内获取煤炭资源的过程,必然会对矿区地层产生与其采出量规模相当的扰动,从而影响该地区环境和获取资源的安全。目前,我国煤炭年产量已近40亿t,历年累计为国家的能源贡献了800亿t左右的煤炭,显然严重影响资源地区的生态环境。若这些问题不加以解决,必然会在煤炭为社会贡献的同时受到社会的责难。为此,有必要总结和创建从地层中合理获取煤炭资源的科学体系,以解决获取中的负面效应。也就是说采矿中有科学问题。因此,可以将采矿定义为:从地层环境中科学地获取矿产资源造