・Review Automotive disc brake squeal

JOURNALOFSOUNDANDVIBRATION(2003)105–166ReviewAutomotivediscbrakesquealN.M.Kinkaid,O.M.O’Reilly,P.PapadopoulosDepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,CA94720-1740,USAReceived7October2002;accepted7October2002AbstractDiscbrakesquealremainsanelusiveproblemintheautomotiveindustry.Sincetheearly20thcentury,manyinvestigatorshaveexaminedtheproblemwithexperimental,analytical,andcomputationaltechniques,butthereisasyetnomethodtocompletelysuppressdiscbrakesqueal.Thispaperprovidesacomprehensivereviewandbibliographyofworksondiscbrakesqueal.Inanefforttomakethisreviewaccessibletoalargeaudience,backgroundsectionsonvibrations,contactanddiscbrakesystemsarealsoincluded.r2002ElsevierScienceLtd.Allrightsreserved.ARTICLEINPRESSContents1.Whatisbrakesqueal?.....................................1061.1.Earlierreviewsofbrakesqueal..............................1072.Discbrakesystems.......................................1082.1.Somehistoricalbackground...............................1092.2.Componentsofadiscbrake...............................1102.3.Energydissipation....................................1133.Backgroundonvibrationandwaves..............................1133.1.Modellingthebrakerotor................................1133.2.Standingwavesandtravellingwaves...........................1153.3.Someissuesassociatedwithplatemodelsforbrakerotors................1173.4.Linearvibrationanalysis.................................1184.Backgroundoncontact,temperature,andwear........................1194.1.Frictionandcontact...................................1194.2.Temperatureandwear..................................1224.3.Hotspotsandthermoelasticinstability..........................122E-mailaddress:[e-mail](O.M.O’Reilly).0022-460X/03/$-seefrontmatterr2002ElsevierScienceLtd.Allrightsreserved.doi:10.1016/S0022-460X(02)01573-01.Whatisbrakesqueal?Brakesareoneofthemostimportantsafetyandperformancecomponentsinautomobiles.Appropriately,eversincetheadventoftheautomobile,developmentofbrakeshasfocusedonincreasingbrakingpowerandreliability.However,therefinementofvehicleacousticsandcomfortthroughimprovementinotheraspectsofvehicledesignhasdramaticallyincreasedtherelativecontributionofbrakenoisetotheseaestheticandenvironmentalconcerns.Brakenoiseisanirritanttoconsumerswhomaybelievethatitissymptomaticofadefectivebrakeandfileawarrantyclaim,eventhoughthebrakeisfunctioningexactlyasdesignedinallotheraspects.Thus,noisegenerationandsuppressionhavebecomeprominentconsiderationsinbrakepartdesignandmanufacture.Indeed,asnotedbyAbendrothandWernitz[1],manymakersofmaterialsforbrakepadsspendupto50%oftheirengineeringbudgetsonnoise,vibrationandharshnessissues.Awidearrayofbrakenoiseandvibrationphenomenaaredescribedbyanevenwiderarrayofterminology.Squeal,groan,chatter,judder,moan,hum,andsqueakarejustafewofthenamesfoundintheliterature.Ofthesephenomena,theonegenerallytermedsquealisprobablythemostprevalent,disturbingtobothvehiclepassengersandtheenvironment,andexpensivetobrakeandautomotivemanufacturersintermsofwarrantycosts(seeRef.[2]).Noprecisedefinitionofbrakesquealhasgainedcompleteacceptance,butitisgenerallyagreedthatsquealisasustained,high-frequencyð1000HzÞvibrationofbrakesystemcomponentsduringabrakingactionresultinginARTICLEINPRESS5.Experimentalstudiesonbrakesqueal.............................1235.1.Classicalexperiments...................................1245.2.Vibration-basedworks..................................1265.3.Tribology-basedworks..................................1316.Methodstoeliminatebrakesqueal...............................1337.Centralfeaturesofsometheoriesforbrakesqueal.......................1357.1.Decreasingmkwithincreasingvs.............................1357.2.Sprag-slip.........................................1377.3.Decreasingmkwithincreasingvscombinedwithsprag-slip...............1397.4.Self-excitedvibrationwithconstantmk..........................1397.5.Splittingthedoubletmodes...............................1417.6.Hammering........................................1428.Modelsofdiscbrakesquealandanalysesthereof.......................1438.1.ThemodelofJarvisandMillsanditslegacy......................1448.2.Thepin-on-discmodelsofEarlesandco-workers....................1468.3.ThelumpedparametermodelsofNorthandMillner..................1478.4.Somesubsequentlumpedparametermodels.......................1498.5.Modelsfeaturingthevibrationofplates.........................1518.6.Finiteelementmodels..................................1549.Conclusions...........................................157Acknowledgements.........................................158References..............................................158N.M.Kinkaidetal./JournalofSoundandVibration267(2003)105–166106noiseaudibletovehicleoccupantsorpassers-by.Asshallbeseenlateron,thissquealisoftensub-dividedintohigh-andlow-frequencyregimes.Thereexistsnogeneralmeansforcompletelyeliminatingbrakesqueal.Brakesthatsquealdonot,ingeneral,squealdurin