霍尔传感器原理及应用研究

四川信息职业技术学院毕业设计说明书(论文)设计（论文）题目:专业:班级:学号:姓名:指导教师:2010年10月日四川信息职业技术学院毕业设计（论文）任务书学生姓名李晓学号0618013班级应电06-1班专业应用电子技术设计（或论文）题目霍尔传感器原理及应用研究指导教师姓名职称工作单位及所从事专业联系方式备注王志强讲师四川信息职业技术学院0839-2853025吴志毅高级工程师081电子军工集团13881218575设计（或论文）内容：1.霍尔传感器概述2.论文研究的目的和意义3.霍尔传感器工作原理和特性4.霍尔传感器的应用进度安排：第1～2周：查找资料；第3～4周：确定方案；第5～8周：进行论文的资料的整理；第9～12周：整理论文报告；第13～15周：确定论文初稿；第16～17周：论文定稿及答辩；主要参考文献、资料：[1]成辉．传感器的理论与设计基础及其应用．北京国防工业出版社，1999[2]李辉．霍尔传感器及其应用电路．北京电子报1994合订本，1994[3]罗四维．传感器应用电路详解［M］．电子工业出版社，1996[4]贾伯年，俞朴．传感器技术［M］．东南大学出版社，1997[5]刘亮等．先进传感器及其应用．化学工业出版社，1996[6]张岩，胡秀芳．传感器应用技术．福建科学技术出版社，2000审批意见教研室负责人：年月日备注：任务书由指导教师填写，一式二份。其中学生一份，指导教师一份。I目录摘要····································································································1第1章绪论··························································································21.1霍尔传感器概述················································································21.2论文研究的目的和意义·······································································2第2章霍尔传感器的工作原理和特性··························································42.1霍尔传感器的工作原理·······································································42.1.1霍尔效应····················································································42.1.2霍尔元件····················································································42.1.3霍尔传感器·················································································52.2霍尔传感器的特性·············································································62.2.1线性型霍尔传感器的特性·······························································62.2.2开关型霍尔传感器的特性·······························································6第3章霍尔传感器的应用·········································································73.1线性型霍尔传感器的应用···································································73.1.1霍尔电流传感器···········································································73.1.2位移测量····················································································73.1.3功率测量····················································································83.2开关型霍尔传感器的应用···································································83.2.1测转速或转数··············································································83.2.2接近开关····················································································93.2.3无刷电机····················································································93.2.4各种实用电路··············································································93.3霍尔传感器的一种特殊应用·······························································10总结···································································································13致谢···································································································14参考文献·······························································································15四川信息职业技术学院毕业设计(论文)第1页共15页摘要传感器是将非电量转化为电量的器件或装置。它利用材料或元器件的物理、化学效应来探测各种物理量(光、热、声、力、磁等)、化学量(湿、气、味等)以及生物量(酵素、微生物等)的强弱大小并将之转换成电量，然后进行信息的加工处理或直接向外传递。输出信号可以有不同形式，如电压、电流、频率、脉冲等，能满足人们对感知信息传输、处理、记录、显示、控制的各种要求，是自动检测和自动控制系统中不可缺少的元件。其中，霍尔传感器的发展非常迅速，在各个领域的应用也非常广泛。霍尔传感器是一种磁传感器。用它可以检测磁场及其变化，可在各种与磁场有关的场合中使用。霍尔传感器以霍尔效应为其工作基础，是由霍尔元件和它的附属电路组成的集成传感器。霍尔传感器在工业生产、交通运输和日常生活中有着非常广泛的应用。关键词霍尔效应；霍尔元件；霍尔传感器四川信息职业技术学院毕业设计(论文)第2页共15页第1章绪论1.1霍尔传感器概述早在1879年，美国物理学家霍尔(EdwinH.Hall)便发现了霍尔效应，但是实用的霍尔元件一直到人工制成半导体材料出现之后才出现。1986年，Sugiyama等采用了GaAs/AlGaAs异质结构制作霍尔元件，其电流相关灵敏度达到1000V/AT，但是灵敏度的稳定性差。而采用了超晶格结构的霍尔元件克服了这一缺陷。在之后的技术发展中，霍尔元件具有高灵敏度、低电位电势和很高的温度稳定性，有些霍尔元件还具有很高的信噪比。自此，霍尔传感器也得到了飞速的发展，并在汽车、工业、计算机等行业中得到广泛应用，如齿轮速度检测、运动与接近检测及电流检测等。霍尔传感器的出现，解决了许多让人感到棘手的问题。霍尔传感器具有许多优点：1．霍尔传感器的结构牢固、体积小、重量轻、寿命长、安装方便、功耗小、频率高（可达1MHZ）。2．霍尔传感器耐震动，不怕灰尘、油污、水汽及盐雾等的污染或腐蚀。3．线性霍尔传感器的精度高、线性度好；开关型霍尔传感器无触点、无磨损、输出波形清晰、无抖动、无回跳、位置精度高。现在，霍尔传感器己成为使用最广泛的传感器之一。1.2论文研究的目的和意义随着传感器技术的发展，霍尔传感器的应用范围越来越广。就目前的市场分析，霍尔传感器广泛应用在检测齿轮齿速、油门位置、尾气再循环阀位置、马达与传动的速度和位置，用于防锁闸、牵引系统的车轮速度测量、脚踏板、座椅安全带、刹车与离合器的位置、车锁、车窗及油耗等诸多方面上。本论文围绕线性型霍尔传感器和开关型霍尔传感器，目的在于介绍线性型霍尔传感器和开关型霍尔传感器的工作原理和特性，并研究它们是怎样应用在各种实用电路和常见器件中的。因为霍尔传感器具有环保、耐用、抗震、易安装等优点，一些专家认为，霍尔传感器走进游戏机手柄、电动玩具等电子消费市场将是大势所趋。因此，研究霍尔传感器的原理及其应用在理论四川信息职业技术学院毕业设计(论文)第3页共15页上对霍尔传感器走进电子消费市场奠定了一定的基础，对霍尔传感器的发展有非常重大的意义。四川信息职业技术学院毕业设计(论文)第4页共15页第2章霍尔传感器的工作原理和特性2.1霍尔传感器的工作原理2.1.1霍尔效应1879年，美国物理学家霍尔经过大量的实验发现：如果让恒定电流通过金属薄片，并将薄片置于强磁场中，在金属薄片的另外两侧将产生与磁场强度成正比的电动势。这个现象后来被人们称为霍尔效应。霍尔效应的本质是：固体材料中的载流子在外加磁场中运动时，因为受到洛仑兹力的作用而使轨迹发生偏移，并在材料两侧产生电荷积累，形成垂直于电流方向的电场，最终使载流子受到的洛仑兹力与电场斥力相平衡，从而在两侧建立起一个稳定的电势差即霍尔电压。正交电场和电流强度与磁场强度的乘积之比就是霍尔系数。平行电场和电流强度之比就是电阻率。大量的研究揭示：参加材料导电过程的不仅有带负电的电子，还有带正电的空穴。在半导体薄片两端通以控制电流I，并在薄片的垂直方向施加磁感应强度为B的匀强磁场，则在垂直于电流和磁场的方向上，将产生电势差为UH的霍尔电压，它们之间的关系为：UH=K·I·B/d（2-1）式中d为薄片的厚度，K称为霍尔系数，它的大小与薄片的材料有关。2.1.2霍尔元件根据霍尔效应，人们用半导体材料制成的元件叫霍尔元件。霍尔元件多采用N型半导体材料。霍尔元件越薄(d越小)，UH就越大，薄膜霍尔元件厚度只有1μm左右。它具有对磁场敏感、结构简单、体积小、频率响应宽、输出电压变化大和使用寿命长等优点。因此，在测量、自动化、计算机和信息技术等领域得到广泛的应用。当通有小电流的半导体薄片置于磁场中时，半导体内的载流子受洛伦兹力的作用发生偏转，使半导体两侧产生电势差，该电势差即为霍尔电压UH，UH与磁感应强度B及控制电流IC成正比，经过理论推算有：UH=（RH/d）·B·IC（2-2）四川信息职业技术学院毕业设计(论文)第5页共15页式中：B为磁感应强度；IC为控制电流；R