高级英语写作3

environmentpositiveconserveresourcespreservetheenvironmentpromotesustainabledevelopmentraise/elevatecitizen’sawarenessofharnessnaturalresourcesenrichbiodiversityrecyclesomethingshoulderone’sresponsibilityprotect/preservewildanimalsuseresourcesproperlynegativeconsume/depleteresourcesruin/devastatetheenvironmentpushforwardtheeconomyattheexpenseof….desensitizecitizensto…misusenaturalresourcesJeopardizebiodiversityoverlooktheemissionproblemthrowsomethingawayendangerwildanimaluseup/exhaustresourcespracticeItisgenerallybelievedthateducationisofvitalimportancetothedevelopmentofindividualsandthewell-beingofsocieties.Whatshouldeducationconsistoftofulfillboththesefunctions?Practiceoftopicsentenceandcontrollingideas1.Peoplecanavoidburglaries.Peoplecanavoidburglariesbytakingcertainprecautions.2.Growingupinasmalltownisgood.Thereareseveraladvantagesofgrowingupinasmalltown.3.AirpollutioninMexicoCityistheworstintheworld.AirpollutioninMexicoCityistheworstintheworldforanumberofreasons.Practiceoftopicsentenceandcontrollingideas4.Fixingaflattireonabicycleiseasy.Fixingaflattireonabicycleiseasyifyoufollowthesesteps.5.Animalsindangerofbecomingextinctcomefromcountries.Animalsindangerofbecomingextinctcomefromawiderangeofcountries.6.Effectiveleadershiprequiresqualitiesthatanyonecandevelop.Effectiveleadershiprequiressomespecificqualitiesthatanyonecandevelop.Topicsentence&supportingstatements在应试型（雅思或新托福等）议论文写作中，通常遵循introduction-body-conclusion（引言段-主体段-结论段）的“三步曲”。Body（主体）段落提供了论证观点的理由，是整个文章的主体，在评分中占有很大的比重。例如一篇满分的雅思作文（9分）必须“presentsafullydevelopedpositioninanswertothequestionwithrelevant，fullyextendedandwellsupportedideas”。这里的“fullyextended/wellsupported”，必须通过主体段来体现。新托福的满分作文（5分）也要求“iswellorganizedandwelldeveloped，usingclearlyappropriateexplanations，exemplifications，and/ordetails”，同样必须通过主体段落发展来实现。Topicsentence&supportingstatementsTopicsentenceisthecentreoftheparagraph.Supportingstatementsarethesentenceswhichcangivethefurtherexplanationsofthetopicsentence.Therearetwotypesofsupportingstatements:majorsupportingstatements&minorsupportingstatements.Therelationbetweenmajorsupportingstatements&minorsupportingstatements.主要推展句与次要推展句的关系(relation)基本可以遵循下面的“三部分”(three-part)规则。1〕每个主要推展句都应该是对主题句中表示主要思想的关键词的直接、明确的说明。2〕每个次要推展句都应该说明它的主要推展句。3〕含有讨论说明或分析的问题通常既要有主要推展素材，又要有次要推展素材。supportingstatementmajorsupportingstatement主要推展句(majorsupportingstatement)的主要特点是：围绕段落主题句展开的每一个推展句本身都不要求作进一步的说明或证明，句与句之间的关系是相互独立又是互相连接的。例1：(主题句)Thereareseveralfactorsaffectingclimate.(推展句1)Onefactoristhemountofsunlightreceived.(推展句2)Altitude,ortheheightabovesealevel,alsodeterminesclimate.(推展句3)Theoceanshaveaneffectontheclimateofadjacentland.(推展句4)Inaddition,climateisinfluencedbythegeneralcirculationoftheatmosphere.2.（主题句）Noonecanavoidbeinginfluencedbyadvertisements.（推展句1）Muchaswemayprideourselvesonourgoodtaste,wearenolongerfreetochoosethethingswewant,foradvertisingexertsasubtleinfluenceonus.（推展句2）Intheireffortstopersuadeustobuythisorthatproduct,advertisershavemadeaclosestudyofhumannatureandhaveclassifiedallourlittleweakness.以上这段由三句话组成。第一句是主题句，直截了当指出无人不受广告影响这个主题，接着列举两个推展句对其补充和支持，指出我们已无法自由选择所需的商品，理由是广告商已仔细研究了我们的心理，并完全掌握了我们的弱点。句子衔接自然，步步紧扣主题。minorsupportingstatement次要推展句(minorsupportingstatement)是指对主要推展句作进一步的事实分析和举例说明。它从属于某一个或某几个推展句。例:(主题句)Idon‘tteachbecauseteachingiseasyforme.(主要推展句1)TeachingisthemostdifficultofthevariouswaysIhaveattemptedtoearnmyliving:mechanic,carpenter,writer.(主要推展句2)Forme,teachingisared-eye,sweaty-palm,sinking-stomachprofession.(次要推展句1)Red-eye,becauseIneverfeelreadytoteachnomatterhowlateIstayuppreparing.(次要推展句2)Sweaty-palm,becauseI’malwaysnervousbeforeIentertheclassroom,surethatIwillbefoundoutforthefoolthatIam.(次要推展句3)Sinking-stomach,becauseIleavetheclassroomanhourlaterconvincedthatIwasevenmoreboringthanusual.howtomakesupportingstatements主题句及关键词确定后，开始选择和主题有关的信息和素材。实质上，针对关键词测试每一个所选择的素材就是一个分类的过程。有一种常用的方法就是句子展开前加以设问，然后解答，即设问－解答(why-because)的方法。下面我们通过举例来看一看这种分类过程是如何完成的。例3：假设(suppose)Topicsentence:Englishisaninternationallanguage?设问(why)WhycanwesayEnglishisaninternationallanguage?解答(because)Because:Englishisspokenbypilotsandairportcontroloperatorsonalltheairwaysoftheworld.Because:Over70percentoftheworld'smailiswritteninEnglish.Because:Morethan60percentoftheworld'sradioprogramsareinEnglish.Because:PakistanwasonceoneoftheBritishcolonies.Because:ManymembersoftheInternationalLanguageSocietyareselectedfromEnglish-spokencountries.从上面可以看出，最初的三个推展句是和关键词aninternationallanguage一致的。第四句和主题句不统一，尽管第四句会成为另一主题句(ManyPakistanisspeakEnglish)很好的推展句。第五句说服力不强。当然，在写成段落时，没有必要在每个句子开头写上because，但是，在动笔展开句子时，头脑里要想着这个词，这种检验方法能帮助你把注意力集中在某个重心，围绕主题思想层层展开。Example:KnowledgeIsPowerIsstudyreallyofnouse?Asacollegestudent,Idon’tthinkso.WeallknowthatitiswithadvancedscienceandtechnologythatAmericanshaveturnedtheircountryintoahighlydevelopedone.Andifwedon’tstudy,ifwehavenoknowledge,wewillbeleftfurtherbehindthedevelopedcountrieslikeAmerica.Soinordertokeepupwiththedevelopedcountriesandbuildoursintoapowerfulcountry,weshouldstudymuchharderandmastermuchmoreknowl