跨文化交际整理版

1跨文化交际技巧参考答案定义题1、Interculturalcommunication跨文化交际P3TherearethreekindsofthingsyouneedtolearnifyouwanttobeabletocommunicateeffectivelywithWesterners.First,youneedtolearnaforeignlanguage,usuallyEnglish.Second,youshouldlearnasmuchaspossibleaboutWesterncultures.However,studyingEnglishlanguageandWesterncultureisnotenough.Youshouldalsolearnsomethingaboutwhathappenswhenpeoplefromdifferentculturestrytocommunicatewitheachother—inotherwords,interculturalcommunication.2、Individualist个人主义Individualistcultureisoneinwhichpeopletendtoviewthemselvesasindividualsandemphasizetheneedsofindividuals.Ingeneral,Westernculturetendstobeindividualist.Theyviewthemselvesasindependentofcollectives;areprimarilymotivatedbytheirownpreferences,needs,rights,andthecontactstheyhaveestablishedwithothers;giveprioritytotheirpersonalgoalsoverthegoalsofothers;andemphasizerationalanalysesoftheadvantagesanddisadvantagestoassociatingwithothers.3、Collectivist集体主义Collectivistcultureisoneinwhichpeopletendtoviewthemselvesasmembersofgroups(families,workunits,tribes,nations),andusuallyconsidertheneedsofthegrouptobemoreimportantthantheneedsofindividuals.MostAsiancultures,includingChina's,tendtobecollectivist.Peopleseethemselvesaspartsofoneormorecollectives;areprimarilymotivatedbythenormsof,anddutiesimposedby,thosecollectives;arewillingtogiveprioritytothegoalsofthesecollectivesovertheirownpersonalgoals;andemphasizetheirconnectednesstomembersofthesecultures.4、publicbehavior/privatebehaviorPublicbehavioristhebehaviorinpublicsettings,suchasinworkplaces,shopsandsoon.Privatebehavioristhebehaviorinprivatelife,suchaswhenyouareathomeorwithyourfamilyandsoon.Bothindividualistandcollectivistculturesmakeadistinctionbetweenpubliclifeandprivatelife.However,individualistWesternculturestendtomakeanespeciallyclearandfirmdistinctionbetweenthepublicandprivate,andgenerallyfeelthatthesetwoaspectsoflifeshouldbekeptseparatefromeachother.Inotherwords,Westernerstendtobelievethathavingapersonalrelationshipwithsomeoneshouldnotaffecthowyoutreatthatpersoninpublic,work-relatedsituations.5、Generalizations文化的笼统性P26It’saneutralwordwhichisageneralconclusiondrawingfromparticularexamplesorevidence.(Inanyculturegrouptherewillbemanydifferentbeliefsrepresented,butmostofthemembersofthegroupwilltendinacertaindirection.Itisthispreponderanceofbelief,—notuniformacceptanceofagivenbelief—thatgivesacultureitsnatureandisthelegitimatesubjectofgeneralization.Peopleinthesameculturesharemanythingsincommon,suchassharedknowledge,sharedvalues,sharedperspectives,sharedbeliefs,sharedbehavior.)26、Stereotypes老套思路P26Itisaderogatoryword.Itmeansthatimage,idea,characterthathasbecomefixedorstandardizedinaconventionalformwithoutindividualityandisthereforefalseandshallow.(Awayofthinkingthatdoesnotacknowledgeinternaldifferencewithinagroup,anddoesnotacknowledgeexceptiontoitsgeneralrulesorprinciples.Thesestereotypesareoftenbasedonaccurateinformationbuttheproblemisthatstereotypesblindustoother,equallyimportantaspectsofaperson'scharacterorbehavior.Stereotypesmayhavebeencreatedbydirectexperiencewithonlyoneortwopeoplefromaparticulargroup.Othersareprobablybasedonthesecond-handinformationandopinion,outputfromthemassmedia,andgeneralhabitsofthinking;theymayevenhavebeenformedwithoutanydirectexperiencewithindividualsfromthegroup.Yetmanypeoplearepreparedtoassumethatstereotypeisanaccuraterepresentationofallmembersofaspecificgroup.)7、Hierarchy不同的等级权利P33Everysocietyhashierarchytosomedegree.Inotherwords,somepeoplehavehigherrankandmorepowerthanothers,perhapsbecausetheyareolder,stronger,wealthier,orhavesomekindofofficialposition.Ontheotherhand,however,mostmodernsocietiesalsobelievethatequalityisavirtue,atleasttosomeextent.Soeachcultureneedstofinditsownbalancebetweenhierarchyandequality.1)Westernersgenerallyhavelessrespectforseniority—age,positionandsoforth—thanwouldbethecaseinacollectivistculture.2)Westernsocietiesoftentrytolimitthepowerofgovernmentofficials.3)Westernerstendtohaveasomewhatsuspiciousandevennegativeviewofpowerandauthority.8、Cultureshock文化冲击P36Cultureshockisafeelingofbeingconfusedandoverwhelmedbylifeinanotherculture.Peoplewhoexperiencecultureshockoftenfeelfatigued,impatientandirritable.Theymayalsobegintryingtoavoidinteractionwithforeigners,andevenbecomeincreasinglycriticalandhostiletowardthem.ForeignersinChinasometimesexperiencecultureshock—andsodoChinesewhogotoliveinothercountries.9、ProjectedculturalsimilarityP48Projectedculturalsimilarityisthetendencytoassumethatpeoplefromotherculturesbasicallythinkandfeelmorethesamewaywedo.Inotherwords,wesometimesassumethatwhileforeignersmaylookdifferent,dressdifferently,andspeakdifferentlanguages,insideweareallmoreorlessthesame.Peoplefromdifferentcultureassumetheyunderstandeachotherinsteadofaskingeachotherwhattheythink.Becausetheyeachexpecttheotherpersontoreactmoreorlessthesamewaytheywould,theydon'tchecktoseewhetherornottheotherpersonactuallyhasthesamefeelingsandreactionstheywould.10、loosecultureandtightcultureLooseculturedoesn’tdemandahighdegreeofconformity.Inloosecultures,peoplehavearelative