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第五节全面抗战路线FullRouteoftheAnti-JapaneseWar中国共产党为停止内战，谋求国共合作，以便集中一切国力共赴国难的努力，始于1935年《八一宣言》的发表。当年冬，通过苏联政府途径，国共两党开始接触，虽无结果但启动了谈判。随后，谈判由国外转入国内。1936年2月，宋庆龄的代表牧师董健吾秘密到达陕北瓦窑堡，携带中共中央信件返回上海复命。中共中央在信件中提出谈判的5项原则。1936年2月，中共中央给宋庆龄信件提出的5项原则是：1停止内战，全国武装不分红白，一致抗日；2组织国防政府与抗日联军；3容许全国主力红军迅速集中河北，首先抵御日寇的迈进；4释放政治犯，容许人民政治自由；5内政和经济上实行初步和必要的改革。8月25日，中共中央致书国民党，直接向国民党中央发出呼吁，停止内战，一致抗日，尽快实现国共再次合作，以便挽救国家危亡。9月，中共中央派潘汉年作为中共最高代表赴南京与国民党代表陈立夫展开谈判。谈判基本上是各抒己见。由于蒋介石“围剿”西北红军的决心未变，以上谈判概无结果。西安事变的和平解决，才为国共谈判再次合作奠定了基础。Tostopthecivilwar,theCommunistPartyofChinaseekedkmt-cpccooperation,inordertoconcentratealltheeffortsofthenationalstrength,whichbeganin1935publishedtheDeclarationofBayi.Thatwinter,throughtheSovietgovernment,theKMTandtheCPCbegantocontact,noresults,butstartnegotiations.Subsequently,thenegotiationswentfromabroadintothecountry.InFebruary1936,SoongChingLing'sministerDongJianwusecretreachednorthernShanxiWaYaoBaoonbehalfoftheminister,withtheCPCCentralCommitteemailreturnShanghaioutreach.TheCPCCentralCommitteeputforwardthefiveprinciplesofnegotiationintheletter.InFebruary1936,theCPCCentralCommitteetotheSoongChingLingletterproposedfiveprinciples:1Tostopthecivilwar,thenation'sarmedbothredandwhite,consistentresistance;2Organizationdefenseandanti-Japanesecoalitiongovernment;3AllowthemainredarmyquicklyconcentratedinHebei,firstagainsttheJapaneseaggressors;4Releasedthepoliticalprisonersandallowedthepeoplepoliticalfreedom;5implementhepreliminaryandnecessaryreformsininternalaffairsandeconomic.August25,theCPCCentralCommitteebookedtotheKuomintang,directlytotheKMTCentralCommitteeappealledtostopthecivilwaranduniteagainstJapan,realizingtheKMT-CPCcooperationagainassoonaspossible,inordertosavethecountryfromperil.InSeptember,theCPCCentralCommitteesendPanHannianasthehighestrepresentativeoftheCPCtoNanjingtostartnegotiationswithKMTonbehalfofChenLi-fu.Negotiationwasbasicallytoexpresstheirviews.BecauseofChiangKai-shekEncirclementandSuppressiontheNorthwestRedArmy'sdeterminationhadnotchanged,theabovenegotiations,noneoftheresults.ThepeacefulsettlementoftheXi’anIncidentlaidthefoundationsfortheKMT-CPCcooperationagain.由西安归来的蒋介石，虽然用兵逼近关中，但他迫于形势，没有背弃在西安的承诺，于1937年2月5日确定了关于时局的5项方针：“（一）对内避免内战，然一遇内乱，则不放弃戡乱安内之责。（二）政治、军事仍应渐进，由近及远，预定三年至五年内为统一时间。（三）不说排日，而说抗战。（四）加强军队之训练。（五）各省物色品行方正之人才。”为国民党五届三中全会定下基调。15日，三中全会在南京召开，其中心议题是讨论对日政策与国共关系。ChiangKai-shekreturnedfromXi'an,althoughtheuseoftroopsapproachingGuanzhong,butheforcedthesituationandnottobetraythepromiseinXi'an,fiveguidelinestobedeterminedaboutthecurrentsituationonFebruary5,1937:“(1)Internally,avoidcivilwar,andthenacaseofcivilunrest,nottogiveuptheresponsibilityforthesecurityofthecounter-insurgency.(2)Political,military,stillshouldbegradual,fromneartofar,scheduledforunificationforthreeyearstofiveyears.(3)DonotsayroleoutJapanese,saidtheAnti-JapaneseWar.(4)Tostrengthenthetrainingofthearmedforces.(5)Toidentifyconductintegrityoftalentinallprovinces.”setthetonefortheFifthThirdPlenarySessionoftheKuomintang.15,theThirdPlenarySessionheldinNanjing,thecentraltopicofdiscussionthepolicytowardJapanandrelationsbetweenKMTandCPC.同年2月10日，为促进国共两党合作的实现，中国共产党发表《中共中央给中国国民党三中全会电》，向国民党提出5项要求，即：停止内战，集中国力，一致对外；保障言论、集会、结社之自由，释放一切政治犯；召开各党各派各界各军的代表会议，集中全国人才，共同救国；迅速完成对日作战之一切准备工作；改善人民的生活。电文指出，如果国民党将上述5项要求定为国策，中国共产党愿意作出四项保证，即：实行停止武力推翻国民党政府的方针；工农政府改名为中华民国特区政府，红军改名为国民革命军；特区实行彻底的民主制度；停止没收地主土地的政策，坚决执行抗日民族统一战线的共同纲领。中国共产党提出的五项要求是积极的合理的，是一切主张抗日的人们所赞成的。四项保证是对国民党的重大让步。这个让步是必要的。有了这样的让步，才能取消国内两个政权的对立，才便于组成抗日民族统一战线，一致反对日本帝国主义的侵略。这种让步又是有原则的：第一，国民党必须抛弃内战、独裁和对外不抵抗的政策，同时共产党取消两个政权敌对的政策。第二，在特区和红军中必须保持共产党的领导，保持工农已取得的权利；在国共两党关系上必须保持共产党的独立性和批评的自由。超过这种限度则是不利于团结抗日的。OnFebruary10ofthesameyear,topromotetherealizationoftheKMT-CPCcooperation,theCPCpublishedCPCCentralCommitteetotheKMT'sThirdPlenaryPowertoputforwardfivedemandstotheKMT,Namely:stopthecivilwar,concentratedstatepower,unanimously;freedomofspeech,assembly,association,releaseallpoliticalprisoners;conveningthemeetingofrepresentativesofthevariouspartiesandgroupsfromallwalksoflifethemilitary,focusontalentsfromacrossthecountry,savethenationtogether;speedycompletionofthewaragainstJapanpreparatorywork;improvepeople'slives.ThemessagepointedoutthatiftheKMTsetthefiverequirementsforthenationalpolicy,theCPCiswillingtomakethefourassurance,namely:tostopthepolicyofforcingtooverthrowtheKMT’sgovernment;GovernmentofworkersandpeasantschangeditsnametotheGovernmentoftherepublicofChina;theredarmywasrenamedthenationalrevolutionaryarmy;theSARwouldcarriedoutathoroughlydemocraticsystem;stopthepolicyofconfiscatinglandlord'sland,resolutelyfollowthecommonprogramoftheanti-Japanesenationalunitedfront.FivedemandsputforwardbytheCommunistPartyofChinawaspositive,andwasinfavorofallthepeoplewhofavortheanti-Japanese.ThefourassuranceswasamajorconcessiontotheKMT.Thisconcessionwasnecessary.Withsuchaconcession,theoppositionofthetworegimescouldbecanceled,inordertomakingiteasyforthecompositionoftheanti-Japanesenationalunitedfront,consistentaggressionagainstJapaneseimperialism.Suchconcessionhaditsprinciple:First,theKMTmustabandonthepolicyofcivilwar,dictatorshipandnon-resistance,atthe