国际经济学英文课件(萨尔瓦多第十版)ch07

InternationalEconomicsTenthEditionEconomicGrowthandInternationalTradeDominickSalvatoreJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Salvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition©2010JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.CHAPTERSEVEN7Inthischapter:IntroductionGrowthofFactorsofProductionTechnicalProgressGrowthandTrade:TheSmall-CountryCaseGrowthandTrade:TheLarge-CountryCaseGrowth,ChangeinTastes,andTradeinBothNationsSalvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition©2010JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.IntroductionMosttradetheorydiscussedsofarisstaticinnature.However,factorendowments,technologyandtastescanchangeovertime,changinganation’scomparativeadvantage.Changesinfactorendowments,technologyandtastesaffectanation’sproductionfrontier,offercurve,volumeandtermsoftrade,andgainsfromtrade.Salvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition©2010JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.GrowthofFactorsofProductionIncreasesinlabor(L)andcapital(K)shifttheproductionfrontieroutward.Typeanddegreeofshiftdependonrateofgrowth:BalancedgrowthiswhenLandKgrowatthesamerate,shiftingfrontieroutevenlyinalldirections.Slopeoneachfrontierareequalwherecutbyarayfromtheorigin.Salvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition©2010JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.GrowthofFactorsofProductionIncreasesinlabor(L)andcapital(K)shifttheproductionfrontieroutward.Typeanddegreeofshiftdependonrateofgrowth:IfonlyLgrows,outputofbothcommoditiesincreases.OutputoftheL-intensivecommoditywillincreasefasterthanthatoftheK-intensivecommodity(theoppositeistrueifonlyKgrows).Salvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition©2010JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.FIGURE7-1GrowthofLaborandCapitalOverTime.Salvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition©2010JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.TheRybczynskiTheoremAtconstantcommodityprices,anincreaseintheendowmentofonefactorwillincreasebyagreaterproportiontheoutputofthecommodityintensiveinthatfactorandwillreducetheoutputoftheothercommodity.Salvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition©2010JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.GrowthofFactorsofProductionTheRybczynskiTheoremForexample,ifonlyLgrowsinNation1,theoutputofcommodityX(theL-intensivecommodity)expandsmorethanproportionately,whiletheoutputofcommodityY(theK-intensivecommodity)declinesatconstantPXandPY.Salvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition©2010JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.GrowthofFactorsofProductionFIGURE7-2TheGrowthofLaborOnlyandtheRybczynskiTheorem.Salvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition©2010JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.TechnicalProgressAlltechnicalprogressreducestheamountofbothlaborandcapitalrequiredtoproduceanygivenlevelofoutput.ThreedifferenttypesofHicksiantechnicalprogress:1.Neutral–increasesproductivityofLandKinsameproportion,soK/Lremainsthesameafterthetechnicalprogressasbefore,atunchangedrelativefactorprices(w/r).Salvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition©2010JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.TechnicalProgressAlltechnicalprogressreducestheamountofbothlaborandcapitalrequiredtoproduceanygivenlevelofoutput.ThreedifferenttypesofHicksiantechnicalprogress:1.Neutral2.Labor-saving–increasesproductivityofKproportionatelymorethantheproductivityofL.SOKissubstitutedforLinproductionandK/Lrisesatunchangedw/r.Salvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition©2010JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.TechnicalProgressAlltechnicalprogressreducestheamountofbothlaborandcapitalrequiredtoproduceanygivenlevelofoutput.ThreedifferenttypesofHicksiantechnicalprogress:1.Neutral2.Labor-saving3.Capital-saving–increasesproductivityofLproportionatelymorethantheproductivityofK.SoLissubstitutedforKinproductionandL/Krisesatunchangedw/r.Salvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition©2010JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.TechnicalProgressThesamerateofneutraltechnicalprogressinproductionofbothcommoditieshasthesameeffectontheproductionfrontierasbalancedfactorgrowth.Theproductionfrontierwillshiftoutevenlyinalldirectionsatthesamerateatwhichtechnicalprogresstakesplace.Salvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition©2010JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.FIGURE7-3NeutralTechnicalProgress.Salvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition©2010JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.GrowthandTrade:TheSmall-CountryCaseSalvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition©2010JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.A“smallcountry”istoosmalltoaffecttherelativecommoditypricesatwhichittrades(sothenation’stermsoftraderemainconstant).GrowthandTrade:TheSmall-CountryCaseSalvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition©2010JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Growthisprotradeif:outputofanation’sexportcommoditygrowsproportionatelymorethantheoutputofitsimportcommodityatconstantrelativecommodityprices,leadingtogreaterthanproportionateexpansionoftrade.Otherwise,growthisantitrade,orneutral.GrowthandTrade:TheSmall-CountryCaseSalvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition©2010JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Productionisprotradeif:outputofanation’sexportcommoditygrowsproportionatelymorethantheoutputofitsimportcommodity.Consumptionisprotradeif:Thenation’sconsumptionofitsimportcommodityincreasesproportionatelymorethanconsumptionofitsexportcommodity.GrowthandTrade:TheSmall-CountryCaseSalvatore:InternationalEconomics,10thEdition©2010JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Whathappenstothevolumeoftradeintheprocessofgrowthdependsonthenetresultofproductiona