广西民族师范学院毕业论文(设计)题目食品包装中邻苯二甲酸酯的污染及其检测研究进展专业食品生物技术(安全与检测)学制三年制班级食品091姓名杨小丽指导教师姓名王志存职称讲师起止日期广西民族师范学院毕业论文(设计)任务书专业及班级:食品生物技术(安全与检测)食品091学生姓名:杨小丽题目:食品包装中邻苯二甲酸酯的污染及其检测研究进展上交报告(论文)日期:年月日答辩日期:年月日指导教师:王志存200年月日签发目录摘要··········································································································4关键词·······································································································4前言··········································································································51PAE的检测方法·································································错误!未定义书签。1.1检测方法·········································································································51.1.1气质联用法(GC-MS)···············································································51.1.2高效液相色谱技术(HPLC)···········································································62PAE的毒性·······························································································72.1PAE对动物机体的毒性效应·················································································72.2PAE对人和动物的生殖系统的效应·········································································72.3对生物神经系统的毒性·······················································································82.4影响机体的免疫机能··························································································82.5致畸形、致癌作用·····························································································83邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂国内外研究现状························································83.1国外的研究状况································································································93.2国内的研究状况································································································94邻苯二甲酸酯的食品安全需要研究的问题······················································95展望······································································································10参考文献··································································································11致谢········································································································14摘要:邻苯二甲酸酯((Phthalateacid,简称PAE,别名钛酸酯)是一类重要的有机化合物质,主要用作增塑剂来提高塑料树脂的机械性能尤其是柔韧性。而食品包装材料中残留的邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂(PhthalateEsters,PAE)作为环境内分泌干扰物(environmentalendocrinedisruptors,EED),能够改变内分泌系统的正常功能并可对未受损的器官或其后代产生负面影响。塑料制品尤其是一次性塑料制品,作为包装材料具有方便、快捷、美观等优点,。被广泛应用于食品包装,大多数食品均采用塑料制品进行内包装或内衬。当食品在塑料包装材料中储存的时间越长或用于包装食品的塑料材料中增塑剂含量越高。都会增加邻苯二甲酸酯类物质向食品中迁移的量【1-2】即对食品的污染程度加大,进而对食用者的健康造成危害。本文通过根据国内外的最新研究成果,综述了PAE的检测方法、毒性效应,并今后PAE的研究趋势进行展望。关键词:邻苯二甲酸酯类;食品包装;增塑剂;污染;检测;前言塑料作为最通用、最受欢迎的食品接触材料,其卫生安全状况目前正受到世界各国的担忧。目前常见的有邻苯二甲酸酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DOP)或邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸甲苯基丁酯(BBP)。越来越多的研究表明,塑料包装材料中的添加剂,如增塑剂,在一定条件下能向食品中迁移、溶出,导致食品污染,它不仅直接影响着食品的风味,而且还对人类造成潜在的健康隐患。如:近期台湾地区的“塑化剂”(邻苯二甲酸类物质)风波越演越烈,发现的问题产品和企业数量不断增加。塑化剂在我国大陆地区一般称为增塑剂。增塑剂是添加到塑料聚合物中增加塑料的物质。使用增塑剂后,塑料聚合物的硬度课下降、柔韧性课提高,易于拉伸和做成各种形状。目前,可用作增塑剂的物质种类有很多,如苯二甲酸酯类、脂肪酸酯类、聚酯类、环氧酯类等。而邻苯二甲酸酯化合物是一种常见的增塑剂,可用于各种塑料制品中。塑料在食品包装材料中的应用十分广泛。一般人往往容易在塑料制品包装中接触到邻苯二甲酸酯类,在生活中有很多食品在加工、加热、包装、盛装的过程里可能会造成邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DEHP)的溶出和渗入食物中。在我国中,邻苯二甲酸酯类是一种普遍用于塑胶的塑化剂,被广泛用作聚氯乙烯的增塑剂,特别是与食品接触材料的密封胶中一般都含有邻苯二甲酸酯类。邻苯二甲酸酯类物质属于环境激素,进入人体后,可干扰人体的内分泌系统和生殖系统。目前,人们关注的儿童性成熟都怀疑与此有关。面对着种种质疑,政府相关部门应该加强对国内食品中的增塑剂含量进行检测,更新完善我国涉及食品包装容器材料的技术指标。1.1检测方法自从1970年首次在生物体内发现PAE化合物以来,人们就开始利用各种分析方法对其进行检测。先后出现的PAE的检测方法有分光光度法、薄层色谱法、气相色谱法(GC)、气相色谱/质谱法(GC-MS)、高效液相色谱法(HPLC)。美国环保局(EPA)的标准方法是气相色谱—电子捕获检测—质谱(GC-ECD-MS),我国目前主要参照美国的方法。1.1.1气质联用法(GC-MS)由于气相色谱-质谱联用的技术不断成熟,GC-MS目前已经成为现代分析邻苯二甲酸酯类手段中不可少的组成部分。GC-MS采用毛细管色谱柱(近几年来主要是使用HP-5或DB-17HT熔融弹性石英毛细管柱),分离度、灵敏度都很高,对大多数邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物有较好的分离。但因为其只能适宜分析小分子、易挥发、稳定的化合物,因此对于碳原子数较多的异构体化合物(如邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯DINP、邻苯二甲酸二异癸酯DIDP等)分离效果较差,峰形重叠,检出限较高,影响了准确的定性和定量,适合于痕量分析。Lau等[3]就利用GC-MS分析了食品中的邻苯二甲酸脂类含量,该方法线性关系良好,但报道未检测限,且前处理比较复杂,样品经过有机溶剂提取后,检测前还要通过凝胶进行色谱净化。1.1.2高效液相色谱技术(HPLC)气相色谱法虽然具有快速、分离效率高、用样品量少等优点,但它要求样品能够汽化,从而受到样品的挥发性和稳定性的限制,且气相色谱法对样品的前处理要求较高。高效液相色谱技术(HighPerformanceLiquidChromatography,HPLC)可以在常温下实现分离和监测,由于其分离速度快、分离效率高、检测灵敏度高、用样品量少,色谱柱可以反复使用、安全、自动化程度高等优点而得到广泛的应用。在邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物中,一些分子量较大的化合物,利用气相色谱法检测需要较高的气化温度,如用高效液相色谱法检测,常温下就能实现检测。FangYing-Sing(1994)[4]等用高效液相测定了PVC塑料中DEHP含量,将其与现有方法GC、GC-MS比较得出,HPLC可以解决DINP、DIDP异构体在气相色谱上不是单一峰、不易定量的缺点。王超英等(2005)[5]研究了固相微萃取(SPME)-高效液相色谱联用检测水中PAE的分析方法,在65μmPDMS/DVB涂层、萃取时间30min、乙腈解吸、解吸时间2min的SPME条件下分析塑料袋浸提液,DBP溶出量为3.77mg/kg。刘红河等(2006)[6]采用正己烷浸泡、超声波提取对样品中PAE进行提取并净化,采用反相高效液相色谱检测法(RHPLC)测定其中DEP、DOP、DUP、DBP、DEHP,测定的38种食品样品中PAE检出率为18.4%,回收率在80.9%~119.8%之间。王睿等(2007)[7]建立了凝胶渗透-液相色谱法检测食用油中DEP、DBP、DOP的方法,凝胶色谱条件为流动相(环己烷与乙酸乙酯,1:1)、流动相流4.7mL/min、检测波长254nm条件下对PAE进行富集净化,DEP回收率为89.26%~95.95%、DBP回收率为92.95%~101.40%、DOP回收率为85.83%~93.81%。王丽霞(2007)等[8]建立了高效液相色谱法测定了塑料袋装食品(馒头、油饼、黄瓜、番茄)中邻苯二甲酸酯方法,超声波提取15min,经弗里硅土层析柱净化,高效液相色谱检测,加标回收率为82.7%~107.6%,RSD为1.4%~6.9%,DMP、DEP、DBP、DEHP的检出限分别为0.988ng、0.749ng、0.702ng、1.920ng。2PAE的毒性2.1PAE对动物机体的毒性效应PAE能够促使生物体内过氧化酶体增生,生细胞毒性、肝功能损坏等。Yokota等[9]研究发现经口给予两周DEHP的雄性白鼠体内的过氧化氢酶数量增加,对组织细胞产生毒性,对生物机体损伤潜在一定的危害。Loft等[10]使用含DEHP的容器饲养兔子新生儿,三周后,新生儿出现肝原单