1PubTalkandtheKing’sEnglish(酒吧闲谈与标准英语)HenryFairlie1.Conversationisthemostsociableofallhumanactivities.Anditisanactivityonlyofhumans.Howeverintricatethewayinwhichanimalscommunicatewitheachother,theydonotindulgeinanythingthatdeservesthenameofconversation.人类的一切活动中,闲谈是最具交际性的,也是人类特有的。而动物之间的信息交流,无论其方式何等复杂,也是称不上交际的。2.Thecharmofconversationisthatitdoesnotreallystartfromanywhere,andnoonehasanyideawhereitwillgoasitmeandersorleapsandsparklesorjustglows.Theenemyofgoodconversationisthepersonwhohas“somethingtosay.”Conversationisnotformakingapoint.Argumentmayoftenbeapartofit,butthepurposeoftheargumentisnottoconvince.Thereisnowinninginconversation.Infact,thebestconversationalistsarethosewhoarepreparedtolose.Suddenlytheyseethemomentforoneoftheirbestanecdotes,butinaflashtheconversationhasmovedonandtheopportunityislost.Theyarereadytoletitgo.闲谈的引人入胜之处就在于它没有一个事先设定好的主题。它时而迂回前进,时而奔腾起伏,时而火花,时而热情洋溢,话题最终会扯到什么地方去谁也拿不准。感觉“有话四射想说”的人是一个“完美闲谈”的最大敌人。闲谈不是为了争论,尽管争论常常是闲聊的一部分,不过其目的并不是为了说服对方。闲谈之中是不存在什么输赢胜负的。事实上,真正的闲聊高手往往是随时准备让步的。他们也许会偶然间觉得该把自己最得意的奇闻轶事选出一件插进来讲一讲,但一转眼大家已谈到别处去了,插话的机会随之丧失,它们也就听之任之了。3.PerhapsitisbecauseofmyupbringinginEnglishpubsthatIthinkbarconversationhasacharmofitsown.Barfriendsarenotdeeplyinvolvedineachother‟slives.Theyarecompanions,notintimates.Thefactthattheirmarriagesmaybeontherock,orthattheirloveaffairshavebrokenoreventhattheygotoutofbedonthewrong2sideissimplynotaconcern.TheyarelikethemusketeersofDumaswho,althoughtheylivedsidebysidewitheachother,didnotdelveintoeachother‟slivesortherecessesoftheirthoughtsandfeelings.或许是从小混迹于英国小酒吧的缘故吧,我觉得酒馆里的闲聊是别有韵味的。酒馆里的朋友们对彼此的生活毫不了解,他们只是临时的伙伴,相互之间并无深交。这些人之中,也许有人的婚姻面临破裂,有人恋爱受挫,有人碰到别的什么不顺心的事儿,但这些都无关紧要。他们就像大仲马笔下的三个火枪手一样,虽然朝夕相处,却从来不过问彼此的私事,也不去打探别人内心的秘密。4.Itwasonsuchanoccasiontheotherevening,astheconversationmoveddesultorilyhereandthere,fromthemostcommonplacetothoughtsofJupiter,withoutanyfocusandwithnoneedforone,thatsuddenlythealchemyofconversationtookplace,andallatoncetherewasafocus.Idonotrememberwhatmadeoneofourcompanionssayit–sheclearlyhadnotcomeintothebartosayit,itwasnotsomethingthatwaspressingonhermind–butherremarkfellquitenaturallyintothetalk.有一天晚上的情形正是如此。当时人们正在漫无边际地东拉西扯,从最普通的家常琐事聊得有关木星的科学趣闻。完全没有一个特定的主题。可突然间中心话题奇迹般地出现了,大伙的话题都集中到了一处。我不记得其中一个伙伴的那句话是什么情况下说出来的–不过,显然她并没有特意地准备什么,那也算不上是什么非说不可的要紧话–那只不过是随着大伙儿的话题十分自然地脱口而出的。5“Someonetoldmetheotherdaythatthephrase,„theKing‟sEnglish,‟wasatermofcriticism,thatitmeanslanguagewhichoneshouldnotproperlyuse”“就在前几天,有人告诉我说‘标准英语’这个词是带贬义色彩的批评用语,指的是人们应该尽量避免使用的英语。”6.Theglowoftheconversationburstintoflames.Therewereaffirmationsandprotestsanddenials,andofcoursethepromise,madeinallsuchconversation,thatwewouldlookituponthemorning.Thatwouldsettleit;butconversationdoesnotneedtobesettled;it3couldstillgoignorantlyon.此语一出,谈话氛围立即热烈起来。有人表示赞成,也有人怒斥,还有人则不以为然。最后,当然少不了像处理所有这种场合下的意见分歧一样,大家约好次日一早去查证一下。问题就这样解决了。不过,闲聊并不需要解决什么问题,大家仍旧可以糊里糊涂地继续闲扯下去。6.ItwasanAustralianwhohadgivenhersuchadefinitionof“theking‟sEnglish,”whichproducedsomerathertartremarksaboutwhatonecouldexpectfromthedescendantsofconvicts.WehadtraveledinfiveminutestoAustralia.Ofcourse,therewouldberesistancetotheKing‟sEnglishinsuchasociety.Thereisalwaysresistanceinthelowerclassestoanyattemptbyanupperclasstolaydownrulesfor“Englishasitshouldbespoken.”告诉她“标准英语”应做这种解释的原来是个澳大利亚人。知道这个后,有些人便说起刻薄话来了,说什么囚犯的后代这样说倒也不足为奇。就这样,不到5分钟,大家便扯到了澳大利亚。在那个地方,“标准英语”自然是不受欢迎的。因为下层人民总是会抵制上流社会给“规范英语”制定的条条框框。7.LookatthelanguagebarrierbetweentheSaxonchurlsandtheirNormanthconquerors.TheconversationhadswungfromAustralianconvictsofthethcenturytotheEnglishpeasantsofthe12century.Whowasright,whowaswrong,didnotmatter.Theconversationwasonwings.想想撒克逊农民与征服他们的诺曼统治者之间的语言隔阂吧。于是闲聊的主题又从19世纪的澳大利亚囚犯转移到了12世纪的应该农民身上。谁对谁错,并没有关系。闲聊依旧热火朝天地进行着。8.Someonetookoneofthebest–knownofexamples,whichisstillalwaysworththereconsidering.Whenwetalkofmeatonourtables4weuseFrenchwords;whenwespeakoftheanimalsfromwhichthemeatcomesweuseAnglo–Saxonwords.Itisapiginitssty;itispork(porc)onthetable.Theyarecattleinthefields,butwesitdowntobeef(boeuf).Chickensbecomepoultry(poulet),andacalfbecomesveal(veau).EvenifourmenuswerenotwritteninFrenchoutofsnobbery,theEnglishweusedinthemwouldstillbeNormanEnglish.WhatallthistellsusisofadeepclassriftinthecultureofEnglishaftertheNormanConquest.有人举了一个众所周知但仍值得深思的例子。在谈到饭桌上的肉食时我们用法语词,而谈到提供这些肉食的牲畜是则用盎格鲁-撒克逊词。猪圈里的活猪叫pig,饭桌上吃的猪肉便成了pork(来自法语pore);地里放养的牛叫cattle,而桌上吃的牛肉则叫beef(来自法语boeuf);小鸡叫chicken,用作肉食则变成poultry(来自法语poulet);calf(小牛)加工成肉则变成veal(来自法语vcau)。即便我们的菜单没有为了装洋耍派头而写成法语,我们所用的英语仍然是诺曼式的英语。这一切向我们昭示了被诺曼人征服之后的英国文化上所存在的深刻的阶级裂痕。9.TheSaxonpeasantswhotilledthelandandrearedtheanimalscouldnotaffordthemeat,whichwenttoNormantables.Thepeasantswereallowedtoeattherabbitsthatscamperedovertheirfieldand,sincethatmeatwascheap,theNormanlordsofcourseturneduptheirnosesatit.Sorabbitisstillrabbitonourtables,andnotchangedintosomerenderingoflapin.撒克逊农民种地养殖牲畜,自己出产的肉自己却吃不上,全部送到了诺曼人的餐桌上。农民们只能吃在地里乱窜的兔子。因为兔子的肉便宜,诺曼贵族自然不屑去吃它。因此,活兔子和兔子肉共用rabbit这个词表示,而没有换成由法语lapin转化而来的某个词。10.Aswelistentodaytotheargumentsaboutbilingualeducation,weoughttothinkourselvesbackintotheshoesofthe5Saxonpeasant.Thenewrulingclasshadbui