定语从句讲解一.定语从句1.注意英汉差异:汉语的定语无论多长都放在被修饰词的前面,而英语中的定语则不然,是一个词时,放在被修饰词的前面,如:①.abeautifulgirl②.alovelyboy是两个以上的词组、短语或从句则放在被修饰词的后面,如:③.Sheisthegirlinred.她就是穿红衣的女孩。④.Theladycarriedabagfullofmoney.那位女士背了个装满钱的包。⑤.Heisthemanwhoyouarelookingfor.她就是你在找的人。2.分清主句与从句,看究竟哪个句子缺少成分。如上面第5:主句:Heistheman从句:whoyouarelookingfor在从句中,lookingfor的宾语是theman.因此选用关系代词who(whom)放置于句首,便是定语从句。3.从句中做宾语的关系代词可以省略,故第5题可以写成:Heisthemanyouarelookingfor.二.定语从句(从句部分)1、功能:相当于形容词,修饰名词或代词,在句中作定语2、位置:定语从句置于被修饰词之后Thosewhoarewillingtoattendtheparty,signhereplease.3、先行词:被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词(1)先行词一般是名词和不定代词,如:some-,any-,every-和no与-boy,-thing的合成词;或all、none、any、some、that、those等代词。数词也可以作先行词,人称代词也同样可作先行词。(2)先行词与关系词是等量关系。必须注意两点:①先行词在从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的数由先行词而定。Thisistheplacewhichisworthvisiting.②关系词在从句句子中充当了成分,其意思就是先行词的意义,所以在从句中不能重复其意。Therearemanyplaceswecanvisit(them)inChina.4、关系词:引导定语从句的都称关系词关系代词:which,that,who,whom,whose,as。关系副词:when,where,why。that偶尔也作关系副词。5、确定关系词的步骤(1)先找关系词,看先行词指的是什么。(2)看关系词在从句中所充当的成分。一.关系代词which的用法先行词格主格所有格宾格事、物、动物whichwhose=ofwhichwhich1.Englishisalanguage.Itisspokenallovertheworld.=Englishisalanguagewhichisspokenallovertheworld.英语是世界各地都在使用的语言。2.Helookedforacar.Theengineofthecarwasingoodcondition.=Helookedforacartheengineofwhichwasingoodcondition.3.Whereistheparcel?Wereceiveditthismorning.=Whereistheparcel(which)wereceivedthismorning?今天早上我们收到的包裹在哪里?二.关系代词that的用法先行词格主格所有格宾格人、物、动物thatwhosethat1.He'sinlovewithagirlthat/whohasredhair.他正和一位红发女孩谈恋爱。2.Baseballisthesportthat/whichmostboyslike.棒球是大多数男孩喜欢的运动。三.注意that/which区别:在定语从句中,当先行词指物时,下列情况的关系词宜用that而不用which(1)先行词被形容词最高级修饰1.Todayisthecoldestday(that)wehaveeverexperienced.今天是我们经历过最寒冷的一天。(2)先行词被序数词修饰2.Thefirstthing(that)youhavetodoistostudymathematics.你必须做的第一件事就是学习数学。(3)先行词中既有人又有物时。3.Thedriverandthecarthathadfallenintotheseawerequicklyrecovered.掉到海里的司机和车子很快就被捞起来了。(4)主句中已有疑问词who或which时4.1Whoisthewomanthatwaspraisedatthemeeting?在大会上被表扬的那位妇女是谁?4.2Whichisthepicture(that)Marypainted?哪一幅是Mary画的画?(5)先行词被only、any、few、little、no、all、oneof、thesame、thevery等修饰时。5.LiMingistheonlyonethatwantstobeateacher.李明是唯一一个想当老师的学生之一。(6)先行词为all、much、little、none、few、one、something、anything等不定代词时。6.1All(that)hesaidwasnottrue.他所说的并非全是真的。6.2Wehaven'tgotmuchthatwecanofferyou.我们没有多少东西能身你们提供。6.3Mybrotherfixedalmostanythingthatneededrepairing.我哥哥几乎修理了任何一个需要修理的东西。(7)有两个定语从句,其中一个关系代词已用which,另一个宜用that.7.Edisonbuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.爱迪生办了一家工厂,生产过去从未见到过的东西。在定语从句中,下列情况的关系词宜用which而不用that(1)可用于非限定性定语从句中,代替物、整个主句或主句中的一部分。(2)可用于介词之后,即介词+which(代物)。1.Isthattheman?Youlentthemoneytohim.Isthattheman(whom/that)youlentthemoneyto.那位就是跟你借钱的人吗?Isthatthemantowhomyoulentthemoney?(这里的whom不能被that代替)2.ThetrainforwhichIamwaitingisnowhalfanhourlate.那班我正在等的火车现在已晚了半小时。3.Thisisthehabitwhichyoumusttrytodowith.这是你必须改掉的习惯。(如果是固定短语,介词不能被提到关系代词前)四.关系代词who/whom的用法先行词格主格所有格宾格人whoWhose=ofwhomwho/whom1.ThisisthemanwithwhomIworked.这位就是和我一起工作的人2.Thisistheteacherwhooftentellsjokes.这就是那个常讲笑话的老师。五.关系词who与that的区别关系词who与that指人时,也有不同情况分别用不同的关系词(1)当主句是therebe句型时,关系词用who。(2)先行词是为anyone、those、someone、everyone、one等词时,关系词用who。(3)当主句是who作疑问词时,关系词用that。Whoisthatgirlthatisstandingbythewindow?(4)whom在从句中只作宾语,可被who取代。六.关系代词whose的用法先行词格主格所有格宾格人、物-whose=ofwhich-Whose是代词的所有格,它既可以代人也可以代物1.Helookedforacar.Itsenginewasingoodcondition.=Helookedforacarwhoseenginewasingoodcondition.他在找一部引擎状况好的车子。七.What的用法先行词格主格所有格宾格含先行词what-what重点:What=thething(s)which=allthat=anythingthat1.ThethingwhichIwantispeaceofmind.=WhatIwantispeaceofmind.我所析是心灵的平静。(经典口语句)2.Shetoldthedetectivesallthattheywantedtoknow.=Shetoldthedetectiveswhattheywantedtoknow.她告诉侦探们他们想要知道的所有事情。3.Idon'tknowwhattheyweretalkingabout.A.我不知道他们谈论的事情。(关系代词)B.我不知道他们在谈论什么。(疑问词)注意what的重点:1.Whatiscalled/whatwe(you,they)call所谓的Sheiswhatiscalled/whatwecallawalkingdictionary.他是所谓的活字典。2.Aisto...WhatBisto...A之对...的关系正如B之对...的关系Airistouswhatwateristofish.空气之于人犹如水之于鱼。3.WhatAis(was/usedtobe)今日的A(昔日的A)Sheisnotwhatshewastenyearsago.她不再是十年前的她。4.Whatis+比较级更...的是Whatismore更好的是;而且Whatisworse=tomakemattersworse而且更糟的是八.关系代词可省略1.关系代词作宾语可省略Thelady(whom)wemetonthestreetisourteacher.我们在街上遇见的女士是我们的老师。2.关系代词作补语可省略Sheisnotthebeautifulgirl(that)shewas.她现在不像以前那么漂亮3.在there(here)is(are)的句型中,关系代词可省略。1.Thereissomeone(who)wantstoseeyou.有人想要见你。2.Therearemanyyoungmenwhoareagainsthim.有许多年轻人反对他。注意:在therebe开头的句子中,要注意be动词的单、复数要与关系代词who后面的谓语动词的单复数保持一致。4.关系代词后有there(here)is(are),关系代词可省略。Thisistheonlytie(that)thereisinthisstore.这是这家店里唯一的一个领带。九.oneof与the(only)oneof的区别1.Oneof+复数名词+关系代词+动词的复数TitanicisoneofthemostwonderfulmoviesthathavebeenproducedinHollywood.《泰坦尼克号》是好莱坞制作的最精彩的电影之一。2.The(only)oneof+复数名词+关系代词+动词单数Titanicisthe(only)oneofthemostwonderfulmoviesthathasbeenproducedinHollywood.《泰坦尼克号》是好莱坞所制作的唯一一部精彩的电影。十.Which与as的区别1.Which引导的从句,代表前面的整个主句,此时,不能放在主句之前。2.As引导的定语从句,代表整个主句,它可以放主句之前或之后,as在从句中做宾语。Aseverybodyknow,TaiwanbelongstoChina.=Asisknowntous,TaiwanbelongstoChina.众所周知,台湾属于中国。3.先行词是整个句子的非限定性定语从句置于句尾时,既可用as引导,也可用which引导.TheteacherisfromBeijing,as/whichtheyknowfromhisaccent.他们从老师的口音中就知道他是北京人。Marylivesinanoldcastle,whosewindowfacesthesea.=Marylivesinanoldcastle,