普通化学浙江大学第四版教材

ΔtmHθ[]QQq[]q32.0gmol620kJmol-1-9690500..kJgC(s)O(g)=CO(g)212SInmolH2H+H22H2+O2[N2H41+O2gN2g+2H2O1]1.2.3qpqv[4]C()O(g)=CO(g),2122(),CO(g)CO(g),CO(g)+122OgCOg22()(),=CO(g)O(g)=CO2212()gU40.63(10)(273100)kJmol=40.633.10kJmol=37.53kJmol-1-1-183141000.HmθH(g)+O(g)=H222121O();mθmθTP=P43Al(s)OAlO(s);223()g=2343Al(s)OAlO(s)223()g→⎡⎣⎢⎤⎦⎥23Al(s)OAlO(s);2233412()g→Al(s)OAlO(s)2233412()g→⎡⎣⎢⎤⎦⎥aAbB=gG+dD-aA-bB+gGdD=0-VaA-VbB+vGG+vDD=01.11tH298.15K=
298.15K1117.1kJd=dnB/vB=1mol1mol2Al(s)OAlO(s);22332()g→2Al(s)OAlO(s)22332()g→⎡⎣⎢⎤⎦⎥SOgOgSOg22312()()()+=HHHHH(.){(,,.)(,,.)}{(,,.)(,,.)}{(.).}.2981529815212981512981529815022858350630622292224211KNgKHOKNHKOgKkJmolkJmolffff=+-+=+×---=--1218()-425.8kJmol-418.45kJmol-1-1c298.15K=-393.5kJ·mol-1ch298.15K=-32.8kJ·g-1chHCO(g)O(g)=CO(g)2212H(g)O(g)=HO(1)22212CH(1)O(g)=8CO(g)9HO(1)8182222520192235U+()++01n→92235389058144104U+Sr+Ce+20101nne→+-_9223538905814410USrCe01ne()_()-E=1.92810kJmol=8.2010kJ10-1710002351.ggmol-12H13H12132401HHHen+→[phone]HHHen2.013553.015504.00150E=1.69710kJmol19-11000201430161.(..)ggmol+-1424102HHen→+10efH(298.15K)mθrH(298.15K)mθrH(298.15K)mθfH(298.15K)mθrH(298.15K)mθfH(298.15K)mθfH(298.15K)mθrHm(298.15K)θfH(G,298.15K)mθfH(D,298.15K)mθfH(A,298.15K)mθfH(B,298.15K)mθrHmθrH(298.15K)mθrH(T)mθCH(1)O(g)=8CO(g)9HO(1)818222252rHmθfHmθfHmθrHmθrHmθH(g)O(g)=HO(1)2H(g)O(g)=2HO(1)22222212(d)CH(g)+O(g)=CO(g)+2HO(l)4223225─→──25─→──78─→──25─→──rHmθrHmθrUmθrHmθfHmθΔrmGθΔrmGΔrmGθΔrmGθSmθΔrmSθ2.1tS298.15K=
1.11ΔS=qT(2.2)rΔSqHOTJmolKJmolKfusθ===---()..21116002731521992.2qrqr12ΔΔGGRTpGppDppAppBpgdab=+ln{()/}{()/}()/}{()/}{{()/}{()/}()/}{()/}pGppDppAppBpgdabΔΔΔGGRTpGppDppAppBpGRTgdab=+=+ln{()/}{()/}()/}{()/}ln(.){26pApBpGpDpGppDppAppBpQabgdgdab()()()(){()/}{()/}()/}{()/}={1fmGrmG=-=+=+∑∑{(.)}{(.)}{(,.)(,.)}{(,.)(,.)}ΔΔΔΔΔΔffffffGKGKgGGKdGDKaGAKbGBKθθθθθθ298152981529815298152981529815GHTSTTTθθθ=-GTθHTθSTθHTθSTθGTθGTθGTθ(178.33-298.15)kJmol-116051000.(178.33-1273)kJmol-116051000.2CuO(s)=CuO(s)O(g)221212f2fH(O,g,298.15K)}-2H(CuO,s,298.15K1212GTθGTθTK=1322K146001104..ΔΔGGRTpGppDppAppBpgdab=+ln{()/}{()/}()/}{()/}{0=+ΔGRTpGppDppAppBpeqgeqdeqaeqbln{()/}{()/}()/}{()/}{ln{()/}{()/}()/}{()/}/pGppDppAppBpGRTeqgeqdeqaeqb{=-Δθln{()/}{()/}()/}{()/}pGppDppAppBpeqgeqdeqaeqb{={()/}{()/}()/}{()/}pGppDppAppBpeqgeqdeqaeqb{={()/}{()/}{()/}{()/}pGppDppAppBpeqgeqdeqaeqb=K(2.10)ΔΔGGRTcGccDccAccBceqgeqdeqaeqb=+ln{()/}{()/}{()/}{()/}{()/}{()/}{()/}{()/}()cGccDccAccBcKeqgeqdeqaeqb=212.KpNHppNppHpeqeqeq={()/}{()/}{()/}322231232223NgHgNHg()()()+=′=KpNHppNppHpeqeqeq{()/}{()/}{()/}/321223/2IUPACKSI1′′=KpNppHppNHpeqeqeq{()/}{()/}{()/}22332K=1K′′θ=100pApnAnpAnAnppBpnBnpBnBnp()()()()()()()()==×==×(2.14)pApnAnpppBpnBnpp()()()()θθθθ=×=×(2.15)ln(.)..KGRTJmolJmolKKθθ=-=--××=---Δ1285100083146732297111/mol/mol2.00-x2.00-xxx400.1244444344444200400200400400400......--xxxxK{={()/}{()/}()/}{()/}..pCOppHppCOppHOpeqeqeqeq22299410010040040020040020040020022.{(/.)(/)}{(/.)(/)}{(.)/.(/)}{(.)/.(/)}/(.)xppxppxppxppxx××-×-×=-θθθθK{(/.)(/)}{(/.)(/)}{(.)/.(/)}{(.)/.(/)}.yppyppyppypp600600200600200600100××-×-×θθθθ=-120.11000Jmol8.314Jmol=-48.45-1-1××-KK129815.-(-33.8)1000Jmol8.314Jmol=3.466-1-1××-KK1117316k8.4×104dm6·mol-2·s-1=kc(CHCl)c(Cl)}321212112112=kc(CHCl){c(Cl)}3212121T1031Tk/-ΔΔyx=----=-=---(.)(.)(..)..10272532500033560002959494700003971246011KKKaERa=-lnk(T)=aT+22lnk(T)=aT+11ln()()kTkTaTaTaTT21212111===-⎛⎝⎜⎞⎠⎟vTkTcAcBvTkTcAcBxyxy()(){()}{()}()()(){()}{()}()221112==vTvTkTcAcBkTcAcBkTkTxyxy()()(){()}{()}(){()}{()}()()212121==ln()()ln()()().vTvTkTkTaTTERTTETTRTTaa2121212121121111224==-⎛⎝⎜⎞⎠⎟=--⎛⎝⎜⎞⎠⎟=-ln()()ln()()()vTvTkTkTETTRTTa21212112==-vTvTtthh()()2112484=ln()()().ln.vTvTEKKJmolKKKa211130127883142783014842485=-××=--E23Jmola-183142783012485..×××ln()()()()..vKvKETTRTTJmolKJmolKKKa29828875000298288831428829810512112111-=×-××=---vKvk()()2982882.912321232123212121232126+1672lnk=-ERT+lnA(1)1a,1lnk=-ERT+lnA(2)2a,2lnlnln,,,,kkERTERTkkEERTaaaa21212112-=---=-lnlnvvkk2121=ln,,vvEERTaa2112=-ln()...vvJmolJmolKk2111125414610008314298154357=-××=---vv21188010=×.ln()..vvJmolJmolKk21111254146100083147731680=-××=---vv2172010=×.ppmpartspermillionBxBBwB121212121212121212-ΔGRTθ12120781021121..--xxxKpNOppNppOpeqeqeqθθθθ={()/}{()/}{()/}//2122120002821078102111212.{//}{(.)//}{(.)//}//≈×-×-×xppxppxppθθθ200028078021000280780210001112121212xxx≈--≈≈.(.)(.).(.)(.).////NO(g)(392nm)NO(g)+O(g)2M2445.Science16724619701ppm1×10-61×10-6Mg/24.45dm3=1×10-3Mmg/24.45×10-3m3=M/24.45mg·m-3m4m224--10e27607719255137631526149223884214121201n7147140161411NnCH+→+71461471410125730CNeta→+=--,/61461461261461461261461261461261471410125730CNeta→+=--,/k=0.693t=0.6935730a=1.2110a1/2-4-11.2110at=lnxx=lnx0.795x=ln1.26-4-1ooot=ln1.261.2110a=1900a-4-161461212mθmθmθmθmθmθmθmθmθQpGppDppAppBpgdab={()/}{()/}{()/}{()/}θθθθQcGccDccAccBcgdab={()/}{()/}{()/}{()/}θθθθmθmθmθmθmθmθmθmθmθmθmθmθmθmθmθmθmθmθmθmθmθmθmθKpGppDppAppBpeqgeqdeqaeqbθθθθθ={()/}{()/}{()/}{()/}KcGccDccAccBceqgeqdeqaeqbθθθθθ={()/}{()/}{()/}{()/}mθmθmθmθmθlnln(.)kERTATa=-+=+αβ223ln()()ln()()()(.)vTvTkTkTERTTETTRTTaa212