搜索
Chapter1．Presentthegrammaticalunitsthatformahierarchicalorder.请给出语法单位等级结构图。HierarchyofgrammaticalunitsAtextconsistsofoneormoresentencesAsentenceconsistsofoneormoreclausesAclauseconsistsofoneormorephrasesAphraseconsistsofoneormorewordsAwordconsistsofoneormoremorphemesAmorphemeIngrammaticalterms,whileasentenceisthelargestunit(ofatext),awordisthesmallest,thelowestrankunittowhichagrammaticalfunctioncanbeassigned.However,asentencecanteamupwithothersentencestoformalargerlinguisticunit-text,andawordisnotthesmallestmeaningfulelementinthewritingsystem.Itcanbreakintosmallerelementswhicharecalledmorphemes.Sowehavetheaboveextendedhierarchyofgrammaticalunits.2．Definemorpheme,freemorpheme,boundmorpheme,morphandallomorph.请给词素，自由词素，粘附词素，形素和词素变体下定义。1）Whatisamorpheme?Amorphemeistheminimaldistinctivegrammaticalunit,andisthelowestunitingrammaticalhierarchy.Morphemesareactuallyabstractelementsofanalysis.Whatoccursisanorthographicforminwritingtermedmorphwhichrealizesthemorpheme.词素是语法的最小区别性单位，即最低一级的语法单位。词素的语音或拼写法的体现叫形素。词素是抽象的形式成分，在不同的环境中由若干不同的形素来体现。2）Whatarefreemorphemeandboundmorpheme?Afreemorphemeisamorphemethathasameaningofitsownandcanbeusedindependently.Afreemorphemecanbeasimplewordortherootofaderivative.Aboundmorphemeisamorphemethatdoesn'thaveameaningofitsownandcan'tbeusedindependently.Boundmorphemesonlypossessadditionalorgrammaticalmeanings.Generallyspeaking,freemorphemesoftencarrythemeaningandboundmorphemesoftenshowgrammaticalfeatures.3）Whatmorphandallomorph?Amorphistherealizationofanorthographicforminwritingoraphoneticforminspeakingofamorpheme.Anallomorphisanindistinctivevariantofamorpheme.3．Distinguishroot,stem,andbaseasmorphologicalterms.(从形态上区分词根、词干、词基三个概念)Whatisaroot,astemorabase?Theymayrefertothesamethinginsomecases,buttheyaredifferent.Arootisthatpartofawordthatremainswhenallaffixeshavebeenremoved.Arootisnotfurtheranalyzableinmorphologicalterms.Astemhastodowithinflectionalfeaturesandisthepartthatremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.Abaseisanyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.4．Whatarethesemanticandfunctionaldifferencesbetweenaprefixandasuffix?前缀和后缀在语义和功能上有何区别？Theobvioussemanticandfunctionaldifferencesbetweenaprefixandasuffixisthatthevastmajorityofprefixesdonotchangetheoriginalwordclass,andtheytendtobesemanticallyoriented,thatis,itaddsnewmeaningtoabase.However,suffixesarebasicallyclass-changingmorphemes,theydon'ttendtobesemanticallychanged.5．Nameatleastfivemethodsofword-formationandciteexamplesforeach.（举例说明至少五种构词法）词缀法、复合法、转换法、拼缀法、逆生法、缩略法、首字母缩略法1）Affixation-awordisformedbyattachingalessermorpheme,anaffixtoamajorelement,i.e.abase(whichmayalreadyhaveoneormoreaffixesincorporatedinit).dislike,inexperienced,freedom…2）CompositionCawordisformedbycompoundingmorethanonebaseandthiswordfunctionsbothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyasasingleword.Compoundnouns-manservant,girl-friend,cut-throat,snowfall,deadline,aftermath,dropout;Compoundverbs,compoundadjectives,compoundprepositions,compoundconjunction,andcompoundpronouns,rhymedcompoundCneo-classiccompounds….3）ConversionCisthederivationalprocesswherebyanitemisadaptedorconvertedtoanewwordclasswithouttheadditionofanaffix.4）BlendingCablendisawordformedfrompartsoftwoormoreotherwords.motel,smog,newscast,medicare5）BackformationCmanynounsareformedfromverbs,suchasworkerandbackformationreferstoasimilarprocessonlyreversed.babysittercamebeforebabysit,chainsmokecameafterchainsmoker6）ShorteningCshorteningisaprocesswherebypartofawordisclippedsothattheoriginalword,usuallypolysyllabic,isshortenedtoasmallerword.adforadvertisement,phonefortelephone….7）AcronymCAnacronymisawordcoinedbyputtingtogethertheinitiallettersofagroupofwords.Alphabetisms(UFO,UN,pronouncedassequencesofletters),andacronyms(NATO,BASIC，laser,pronouncedasaword).6．Citeexamplesforthesimpleverbphrase,thecomplexverbphrase,thefiniteverbphraseandthenon-finiteverbphrase.举例说明简单动词词组，复杂动词词组，限定性动词词组和非限定性动词词组。Averbphrasethatgoeswithoutauxiliariesistermedthesimpleverbphrase,whichisjustamainverbormodifier+mainverb;withauxiliaries,thecomplexverbphrase.EnjoysinJohnenjoysbeingflattered.AndfullyappreciateinIfullyappreciateyourgenerosity.areofsimpleverbphrase.Evenexpertscanmakemistakes.Inthissentencecanmakeisacomplexverbphrase.Theheadwordorthefirstelementofafiniteverbphraseisafiniteverb,whichbearsthetensemarkerandinsomecaseskeepsinconcordwiththesubject,asin:Suelikesblackcoffee.Anon-finiteverbphraseisaphrasewhosefirstelementisanon-finiteverbfreeoftheconstraintsthatafiniteverbissubjectto,andhasthreenon-finiteforms.Ididn'texpectyoutobehere.Shehatesbeingcalledbythewrongname.7．Whatarethesevenclausepatterns?什么是七种基本的句型？Accordingtotheirstructure,clausesfallsintosevenmajorpatterns:SV,SVC,SVO,SVOO,SVOC,SVAandSVOA.S=subject,V=verb,C=complement,O=object,A=adverbial8．Definethefiniteclausesandthenon-finiteclauses.什么是限定分句？什么是非限定分句？Thefiniteclausesaretheonesthathavesubjectsandfiniteverbsaspredicates.Thenon-finiteclausesaretheonesthatleavesubjectsunsaidandverbsinnon-finiteforms.9．Definethesimplesentence,thecompoundsentenceandthecomplexsentence.给简单句，并列句和复合句下定