1LawsandPolicyFrameworkonSewageSludgeTreatmentinGermany德国污水污泥处理法与政策框架Beijing,20.10.20112011年10月20日,北京BerndMehlhorn,FederalMinistryforEnvironment,NatureConservationandNuclearSafety联邦环境、自然资源和核安全部2Sewagesludge污水污泥Origin:来源:Sedimentationofsuspendedsolidsinwastewaterfromprivatehouseholdsandsmallandmediumsizedenterprisesinwastewatertreatmentplants.居民与中小型废水处理厂所排放废水中的悬浮固体沉降HowmuchinGermany?德国的情况怎样?(tonnesperdrymatter)(干物质量/吨)Developmentoftheamountofsewagesludgefordisposal污水污泥处理数量的变化发展Amountofsewagesludge污水污泥数量[MgDM/a]Amountofsewagesludge污水污泥数量[MgDM/a]4Advantages/Disadvantages优势/劣势+44gNperkgdrymatter(fertilizer)+44克氮/千克干物质(肥料)+25gPperkgdrymatter(fertilizer)+25克磷/千克干物质(肥料)-contentoforganicpollutants-有机污染物含量-contentofheavymetals-重金属含量Danger:Accumulationofpollutantsinsoilplantsfood危险:土壤植物食品中的污染物累积5Wheredoessewagesludgego?污水污泥排往何处?Disposalofsewagesludgeduring1991and2009inGermany1991-2009年间德国污水污泥处理情况Landfill垃圾填埋场Useonagriculturalareas用于农业Landscapegardening用于园林景观Incineration焚化Ratein百分比Ratein百分比6Since2005wastes,alsosewagesludge,cannolongerbelandfilledwithoutpre-treatment自2005年起,垃圾(其中包括污水污泥)若未经过预处理,一律不得填埋至垃圾填埋场-morethan70wasteincinerationplantswithmorethan20mio.tcapacity-70多个垃圾焚化场,处理能力超过20mio.t-48mechanical-biologicalwastetreatmentplants-5mio.t.Capacity-48个机械生物垃圾处理厂-5mio.t.处理能力Landfillbanforuntreatedwaste垃圾填埋场对未处理垃圾的禁令Mechanical-biologicaltreatmentplants机械生物处理厂WasteIncinerationplants垃圾焚化厂772009:1,02milliontdrysubstance/a≙about52,5%ofthetotalamount2009:102万吨干物质/a≙约占总量的52.5%0,4milliontmonoincineration40万吨单焚化0,6milliontco-incineration60万吨共焚化(coalfiredenergyplants,cementkilns,wasteincineration)(燃煤能源工厂、水泥窑、垃圾焚化)energygenerated:about140GWhel.and370GWhth.产生能量:约140GWhel.与370GWhth.Incinerationofsewagesludge污水污泥焚化8Sewagesludge–hiddenenergy!污水污泥——隐藏的能量Calorificvalues:热值:-Drysewagesludge(drymatter:85-97%)-干污水污泥(干物质:85-97%)9-12MJ/kg9-12MJ/千克-Dewateredsewagesludge(drymatter:~25%)-脱水污泥(干物质:约25%)~0MJ/kg~0MJ/千克Conclusion:Generatedrysewagesludgewithsmallamountsofadditionalenergy(solardrying!)toregainenergy结论:利用少量额外能量(太阳能干燥)获得干污水污泥,以生成更多能量9Heavymetals–bigdecrease!重金属——大大减少!Table1Heavymetalsinsewagesludgeusedasfertilizerintimeperiod1977-2006表11977至2006年作为肥料的污水污泥中重金属的含量mg/kgdrymattermg/kg干物质19771986-19901998200220042006Reductionfrom1977(100%)to2006从1977年(100%)到2006年减少的量Reductionfrom2001(100%)to2006从2001年(100%)到2006年减少的量Lead铅*220*113*63*50*44*37*83*30*Cadmium镉*21*2.5*1.4*1.1*1.02*0.96*95*20*Chromium铬*630*62*49*45*40.7*36.7*94*18.5*Copper铜*378*322*289*306*306*300*20*1.2*Nickel镍*131*34*27*27*25.8*24.9*81*7.8*Mercury汞4.80*2.30*1.00*0.70*0.62*0.59*88*26*Zinc锌*2140*1045*835*750*756*713*67*10*10SewageSludgeOrdinance污水污泥条例(1982/1992/2012)-PartSoil(1982/1992/2012)-部分土壤Thedisposalofsewagesludgeisforbiddenifthefollowingvaluesarenotcompliedwithinthesoil:如果以下土壤中元素的值未满足要求,不得排放污水污泥:Lead100mg/kgdrymatter(干物质)铅Cadmium1,5mg/kg镉Chromium100mg/kg铬Copper60mg/kg铜Nickel50mg/kg镍Mercury1mg/kg汞Zinc200mg/kg锌11SewageSludgeOrdinance污水污泥条例(1982/1992/2012)–HeavyMetals(1982/1992/2012)——重金属ParameterSSOrdinance1992Proposal2012参数污水污泥条例1992年提案2012年Lead900120(150)铅Cadmium102.5(3)镉Chromium900100(120)铬Copper800700(850)铜Nickel20080(100)镍Mercury81.6(2)汞Zinc25001500(1800)锌allvaluesmg/kgdrymatterinsewagesludge,valuesinbracketsforsewagesludgeswithP2O5-contenthigherthan5%.污水污泥内干物质的所有值mg/kg,括号内的值为含磷酸酐的污水污泥值——含量高于5%。12SewageSludgeOrdinance污水污泥条例(1982/1992/2012)–OrganicPollutants(1982/1992/2012)——有机污染物ParameterSSOrdinance1992Proposal2012参数污水污泥条例1992年提案2012年Polychlorinated0,2mg/kg(drymatter)0,1mg/kgBiphenyls(PCBs)多氯联苯(PCBs)0.2mg/kg(干物质)0.1mg/kgDioxins(PCDDs/100ngtoxicityequivalents30ngtox.equiv.PCDFs)二恶英(多氯二苯并二恶英/多氯二苯并呋喃100ng等量毒性30ng等量毒性AdsorbableOrganic400mg/kg300mg/kgHalogens(AOX)可吸附的有机卤素(AOX)Benzo(a)pyren1mg/kg苯并芘Perfluorosulfonatesfirstyear:0,2mg/kg(sumofPFOAandPFOS)nextyears:0,1mg/kg全氟类化合物首年:0.2mg/kg(全氟辛酸铵与全氟辛烷磺酸的总和)次年:0.1mg/kg13SewageSludgeOrdinance-Disposalonagriculturalland污水污泥条例——农业用地的排放Nodisposalonsoilwherevegetablesandfruitsarecultivated.Notinprotectedareas,watersafeguardzones,forestsandgrasslands.不得将污水污泥排放到种植蔬菜与水果的土壤内。包括保护区、水维护区、森林与草地上都不得排放污水污泥。Hygeniecrequirements:卫生要求:Noexistenceofpathogenicorganismsexpected!!!不存在致病生物!!!-hygeniectreatmentofsewagesludgebyspecifiedtechniques,e.g.pasteurisation,thermalconditioning,compostinginreactors,etc.通过特殊技术对污水污泥进行卫生处理,例如巴氏消毒法、热量调节法与反应堆堆肥法等。-nosalmonellain50gofwetsewagesludge-50克湿污水污泥中不含沙门氏菌-checkingeverythreemonthsatamaximum-最长每三个月检查一次14Sewagesludgeassourcefor„recycling“ofphosphate(1)污水污泥作为“回收”磷肥的来源(1)•Phosphateisalimitedressource–rawphosphatewillbeavailableonlyfor80to110yearsinthefuture•磷肥是一种有限资源——原料磷酸将在未来80到110年后枯竭•30%ofthephosphateconsumptionofourfarmerscanbemetbysecondaryphosphatefromsewageandsewagesludge•农民使用的30%磷肥可以通过污水污泥中提取的二次磷肥进行供应。15Sewagesludgeassourcefor„recycling“ofphosphate(2)污水污泥作为“回收”磷肥的来源(2)•Useofsewagesludgeasfertilizerisstill„stateoftheart“;使用污水污泥作为肥料符合当代先进技术发展水平;•Onthelongrun:Increasingquantitiesofphosphateshouldbeseparatedfromsewageandsewagesludge;长期看来:增加磷肥数量应当与污水和污水污泥相分离;•Theministriesforresearch,fortheenvironmentandforagri