34Soilprotistcommunitiesformadynamichubin

Seediscussions,stats,andauthorprofilesforthispublicationat:  in  TheISMEJournal·October2017DOI:10.1038/ismej.2017.171CITATIONS5READS91310authors,including:Someoftheauthorsofthispublicationarealsoworkingontheserelatedprojects:Nativepseudomononadsforbiocontrolofplantpathogens.Basicandappliedstudies.ViewprojectMicrobialdiversityandsoilsuppressivenessViewprojectXiongWuNanjingAgriculturalUniversity12PUBLICATIONS   154CITATIONS   SEEPROFILEAlexandreJoussetUtrechtUniversity80PUBLICATIONS   1,336CITATIONS   SEEPROFILESaiGuoNanjingAgriculturalUniversity2PUBLICATIONS   11CITATIONS   SEEPROFILEIdaKarlssonSwedishUniversityofAgriculturalSciences7PUBLICATIONS   50CITATIONS   SEEPROFILEAllcontentfollowingthispagewasuploadedbyXiongWuon17October2017.Theuserhasrequestedenhancementofthedownloadedfile.SHORTCOMMUNICATIONSoilprotistcommunitiesformadynamichubinthesoilmicrobiomeWuXiong1,2,3,AlexandreJousset1,2,SaiGuo1,IdaKarlsson2,4,QingyunZhao3,HuasongWu3,GeorgeAKowalchuk2,QirongShen1,RongLi1andStefanGeisen5,61JiangsuProvincialKeyLabforOrganicSolidWasteUtilization,NationalEngineeringResearchCenterforOrganic-basedFertilizers,JiangsuCollaborativeInnovationCenterforSolidOrganicWasteResourceUtilization,NanjingAgriculturalUniversity,Nanjing,China;2EcologyandBiodiversityGroup,DepartmentofBiology,InstituteofEnvironmentalBiology,UtrechtUniversity,Utrecht,Netherlands;3SpiceandBeverageResearchInstitute,ChineseAcademyofTropicalAgriculturalScience,Wanning,Hainan,China;4DepartmentofForestMycologyandPlantPathology,SwedishUniversityofAgriculturalSciences,Uppsala,Sweden;5DepartmentofTerrestrialEcology,NetherlandsInstituteforEcology(NIOO-KNAW),Wageningen,Netherlandsand6LaboratoryofNematology,WageningenUniversity,Wageningen,NetherlandsSoilmicrobesareessentialforsoilfertility.However,moststudiesfocusonbacterialand/orfungalcommunities,whilethetop-downdriversofthismicrobiomecomposition,protists,remainpoorlyunderstood.Here,weinvestigatedhowsoilamendmentsaffectprotistcommunitiesandinferredpotentialinteractionswithbacteriaandfungi.Specificfertilizationtreatmentsimpactedboththestructureandfunctionofprotistcommunities.Organicfertilizeramendmentstronglyreducedtherelativeabundanceofplantpathogenicprotistsandincreasedbacterivorousandomnivorousprotists.Theadditionofindividualbiocontrolbacteriaandfungifurtheralteredthesoilprotistcommunitycomposition,andeventuallyfunction.Networkanalysisintegratingprotist,bacterialandfungalcommunitydata,placedprotistsasacentralhubinthesoilmicrobiome,linkingdiversebacterialandfungalpopulations.Giventheirdynamicresponsetosoilmanagementpracticesandkeypositioninlinkingsoilmicrobialnetworks,protistsmayprovidetheleveragebetweensoilmanagementandtheenhancementofbacterialandfungalmicrobiotaattheserviceofimprovedsoilhealth.TheISMEJournaladvanceonlinepublication,13October2017;doi:10.1038/ismej.2017.171Protistsareanoftenoverlookedcomponentofthesoilmicrobiome.Theyareabundantandextremelydiverseinsoil,wheretheycarryoutarangeoffunctions(Foissner,1997;Geisen,2016a).Protistsareamongthemainconsumersofsoilbacteriaandfungi,butalsoalgaeandnematodes(Geisen,2016a,b;Seppeyetal.,2017).Protistactivitydirectlyincreasesplantperformancebyenhancingthemicrobialloop(Bonkowski,2004)andstimulatingplantgrowth-promotingrhizobacteria(Rosenbergetal.,2009;Jousset,2012).Further,soilprotistcommunitiesencompassarangeofplant-andanimal-pathogenicspecies(Geisenetal.,2015b).Giventheirfunctionaldiversity,protistsexertcon-trolovervarioussoilorganismsandarelikelyofcriticalimportanceforsoilfertility.However,welackanunderstandingofhowprotistcommunitiesarestructured,howtargetedsoilmanagementcanalterprotistcommunities,howsuchchangesmightaffectprotistfunctioning,andhowtheyareinturnlinkedtotheirpotentialbacterialandfungalprey.Here,weexperimentallyexaminedundercontrolledgreenhouseconditionsifapplicationsoforganicversusconventionalfertilizerscouldmodifythetaxonomicandfunctionalcompositionofprotists,aswellastheirputativeinteractionswithinthesoilmicrobiome.Furthermore,weaddedeitherabacter-ial(Bacillusamyloliquefaciens)orfungal(Tricho-dermaguizhouense)plant-protectiveagent(Wangetal.,2013;Zhangetal.,2016)toorganicfertilizer(subsequentlytermedOF+BandOF+T,respectively)tostudyifthesebiocontrolagentsalsoimpactprotistcommunities(Xiongetal.,2017andSupplementaryInformationforadditionaldetails).Protistcommunitiesdifferedsignificantlybetweenalltreatmentsone-yearpostapplication.Organicfertilizer-treatedsoilcontainedafundamen-tallydifferentprotistcommunitystructurecomparedCorrespondence:RLi,JiangsuProvincialKeyLabforOrganicSolidWasteUtilization,NanjingAgriculturalUniversity,No.1Weigang,Nanjing210095,China.E-mail:[e-mail],DepartmentofTerrestrialEcology,NetherlandsInstituteforEcology(NIOO-KNAW),Droevendaalsesteeg10,6708PBWageningen,Netherlands.E-mail:[e-mail]13April2017;revised28August2017;accepted5September2017TheISMEJournal(2017),1–5©2017International