121旅游和区域大气污染对四川九寨沟气溶胶的贡献乔雪肖维阳唐亚DanielJAFFE

2014,34(1)14~21ChinaEnvironmentalScience1,2,1*,DanielJAFFE3,2(1.,6100652.,6234073.,98117)20104~20114,(TSP).:TSPSO42Ca2+K+NH4+NO3,Na+Mg2+Cl;(6~10),,;(1~34~511~12),,;[SO42]:[NO3];K+..X703.5A10006923(2014)01001408ContributionsoflocaltourismandregionalairpollutiontoatmosphericaerosolsinJiuzhaigou,Sichuan,China.QIAOXue1,XIAOWei-yang2,TANGYa1*,DanielJaffe3,JIANGLi-jun2(1.CollegeofArchitectureandEnvironment,SichuanUniversity,Chengdu610065,China2.JiuzhaigouNationalNatureReserveAdministration,Jiuzhaigou623407,China3.UniversityofWashington,WashingtonState98117,US).ChinaEnvironmentalScience,2014,34(1)14~21AbstractFromApril2010toApril2011,weeklytobiweeklysamplesoftotalsuspendedparticle(TSP)werecollectedattwositesinJiuzhaigouNationalNatureReserve(Jiuzhaigouhereafter).Thesiteattheentrancewasmuchmoreaffectedbylocaltourism(e.g.,tourbus),comparedwiththesiteattheLongLakemeteorologicalstation.Ionicconcentrationsofthesamplesweremeasured.TheresultsshowthatTSP,SO42,Ca2+,K+,NH4+andNO3concentrationsinairweresignificantlyhigherattheentrancethanattheLongLakemeteorologicalstation,whileNa+,Mg2+andClconcentrationsweresimilarbetweenthetwosites,respectively.Pronouncedseasonalvariationsinionicconcentrationswereobserved.ConcentrationsofTSPandmostionswerelowerduringthepeakseasonoftourism(fromJunetoOctober),probablyduetothehighercleaningeffectofprecipitationonair.Incontrast,concentrationsofTSPandmostionswerehigherduringtheothermonths,likelyowingtolowprecipitationamountandthespringdustfromnorthwesternChina.Furthermore,theequivalentratiosof[SO42]:[NO3]wererelativelyhigh.AllabovesuggestthatatmosphericenvironmentinJiuzhaigouwasconsiderablypollutedbylocaltouristactivities,regionalcombustionofcoalandbiomass,andspringdusttransportedfromnorthwesternChina.KeywordsJiuzhaigounaturereserveaerosollong-rangetransportofpollutantstourism,.,[15].[6],[78],SO2NOx[9].,,.,.,2012360,520130422(2010DFA91280);(B08037);(2011HH0047),,[e-mail]115[10].,,.,,.,.,,:(1)(TSP);(2);(3).:(1);(2).120104~20114,(1).,,.,[SO42]:[NO3].1.1(10346~10405E,3253~3320N),,728km2,2000~4880m[1112].,[1112].,7.3,(1)8.7,(7)16.8,17,103000~3500;550~780mm,4~10,;60%~70%;1800h;(NW)(SSE);0.5~1.2m/s(2).,2000~3100m.400,80,..7:00~18:00h,,5km.NSWE3km1Fig.1LocationsofJiuzhaigouandsamplingsites2000m;3100m-551525354555657585951234567891011120102030405060708090(%)(mm),()2Fig.2Monthlyaverageairtemperature,precipitation,andrelativehumidityattheNuorilangMeteorologicalStationinJiuzhaigou:16341.2(TSP)[13].,10m;,2m,7d.,66d8d14d.46()45().ThermoScientificAirCadet(No.4201901),DwyerInc.VA10420.,.(10L/min),().(47mm,1µm).,(),4.,,.10%24h,EC0.15mS/m,(18MΩ·cm)3,.1.31.3.1TSP,(2045%5%RH)24h,(XP6,1µg,6.1g)..()TSP.1.3.2,10mL30min,30min.(Millipore,ICMullexLG,0.2µm),(DionexICS900)K+Ca2+Na+Mg2+ClSO42NO3NH4+.,.1.4(NOAA)HybridSingleParticleLagrangianIntegratedTrajectoryModel4.0(HYSPLIT)(1°1°)(NASA)MODIS.HYSPLIT,3000m,2000~4880m,(3000m)50010001500200025003000m.HYSPLIT,NASAMODIS.MODIS,ENVI4.7MODISLevel1BGeoTIFF.,ArcGISHYSPLIT,.22.1TSP(1):(1)Ca2+,1.15μg/m3()0.90μg/m3();(2)SO42,4.46μg/m3()3.28μg/m3();(3)SO42NO3,SO42;(4)SO42NO3NH4+Ca2+92%()89%(),;(5),SO4257%()56%(),NO311%()10%(),NH4+9%()8%(),Ca2+15%..12,TSPSO42NO3NH4+K+Ca2+(P0.01),[1417].,Na+Mg2+Cl[1417](P0.05),().,.1171TSP(μg/m3)Table1ConcentrationsofTSPandsolubleinorganicionsinJiuzhaigouair(μg/m3)TSPSO42NO3NH4+Na+ClK+Ca2+Mg2+45454545454545454535.74.460.850.700.200.140.181.150.1826.33.580.670.610.200.120.131.090.113.00.180.150.020.030.040.020.140.0131.03.590.640.510.110.110.150.990.15135.016.982.392.680.880.810.526.620.4946464646464646464624.33.280.590.480.160.150.130.900.1820.23.020.630.430.150.150.131.260.123.00.000.000.000.020.040.020.080.0320.02.170.400.310.090.100.100.450.15118.013.753.611.790.570.730.806.490.602TSPTable2ComparisonofTSPandionicconcentrationsbetweenthetwosamplingsitesinJiuzhaigouTSPSO42NO3NH4+K+Ca2+Na+Mg2+ClP0.0000.0030.0000.0030.0020.0010.0990.7760.343::WilcoxonSignedRanktest2.2,,1~34~56~1011~12(3):(1)1~3,4~5,6~10,11~12;(2)1~311~12,4~5,6~10(2);(3)(11)(1212)(3);(4)(121~5),(6~10)[18];(5),,[1920]..(3):Ca2+ClK+Na+NO36~10;SO426~12;NH4+SO421~3;[SO42]:[NO3]6~10;TSPMg2+4~5.,.2.32010423~30,TSP118μg/m3()124μg/m3(),80.0μg/m3[21].25.,245:00(UTC),(4c),24h,254:05UTC(4b),.3,K+Ca2+Mg2+,Ca2+Mg2+,K+,Na+Cl(),SO42NO3,NH4+[1417].3.1.,TSPSO42Ca2+K+NH4+NO31834(12),Na+Mg2+Cl..620.80.00.60.2400.60.80.40.40.00.231200.750.500.000.251201015503040102000.40.60.00.21000501~34~56~1011~12TSPMg2+[NO3-][SO42-][SO42-]NH4+Na+NO3-K+Cl-Ca2+(g/m3)(g/m3)(g/m3)(g/m3)(g/m3)(g/m3)(g/m3)(g/m3)(g/m3)3Fig.3SeasonalvariationsinTSPconcentration,ionicconcentrations,monthlyprecipitation,sourcesofprecipitation,biomassburning,dailytouristnumber,anddustemissionsfromnorthwesternChina:;[1920];[18]3.23.2.1SO2.[SO42][NO3][22].SO42NO3,[SO42]:[NO3]()2.58()0.10~0.16()[22],4%,[SO42]:[NO3][23].[SO42]:[NO3]6.78()6.82(),,,(5)[17,22,2430].,,,.,SO42.SO2[31],,SO2.K+(11~121~3)(3),K+,.K+[1417].3.2.2[32].,[33].,,,,,,[1920].[32],[11],(4).3.3.,;,[17].6~10,,[11],TSP(Mg2+NH4+)(3).,Mg2+[14],Mg2+4~10.NH4+.,119(