AerobicWastewaterTreatmentProcessesHistoryand

AerobicWastewaterTreatmentProcessesHistoryandDevelopmentDavidFTilleyAerobicWastewaterTreatmentProcesses:HistoryandDevelopmentdiscussesthewidelydifferinginfluencesonthedevelopmentofaerobictreatmentsuchaswatersupply,toxictradeeffluents,microscopyandpopulationgrowthinurbanareas.Itcoversthehistoricaldevelopmentofsewagetreatmentandtheemergenceofaerobicbiologicaltreatmentfromtheearlynineteenthcenturytothepresentday.Theimportanceofwatersupplyisexaminedandtheinfluencethishadonthewater-carriagesystem,andtheconsequentdischargeofsewageintorivers.Thefactorswhichgovernprocessselectionandprocessdevelopmentarediscussed.Thereisacontinuedimpetustoreducelandarea,capitalcosts,runningcosts,andtooptimiseperformanceandprocesscontrol.Thediscoveryoftheactivatedsludgeprocessisdetailedincludingthedevelopment,intheearly1900s,ofmanyformsofthisprocess.Industrialwastesweredischargedtobiologicaltreatmentsystemsandtheimpactofsuchpollutantsisreviewed.TheworkofRoyalCommissions,RiverBoardsandtheNationalRiversAuthorityissummarised,andtheadvancesinchemicalanalysisand“on-line”measurementofchemicalqualitycharacteristics.Laterdevelopmentssuchasreedbedsandtheuseofhybridtreatmentsystemsarecovered.Examplesareincludedsuchasthe“fixedfilm”activatedsludgeprocesswhichhasfoundapplicationforsmallcommunitiesinpackageform,andalsoforlarge-scalemunicipaltreatmentplants.ThisbookisvaluablereadingforstudentsofthefollowingcoursesonCIWEMDipexamination,WITAandBTechandEnvironmentalScienceandCivilEngineering.:9781843395423AerobicWastewaterTreatmentProcessesHistoryandDevelopmentDavidFTilleyAerobicWastewaterTreatmentProcessesAerobicWastewaterTreatmentProcessesHistoryandDevelopmentDavidFTilleyPublishedbyIWAPublishingAllianceHouse12CaxtonStreetLondonSW1H0QS,UKTelephone:[phone]Fax:[phone]Email:[e-mail]:©2011IWAPublishingApartfromanyfairdealingforthepurposesofresearchorprivatestudy,orcriticismorreview,aspermittedundertheUKCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct(1998),nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofthepublisher,or,inthecaseofphotographicreproduction,inaccordancewiththetermsoflicensesissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgencyintheUK,orinaccordancewiththetermsoflicensesissuedbytheappropriatereproductionrightsorganizationoutsidetheUK.EnquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethetermsstatedhereshouldbesenttoIWAPublishingattheaddressprintedabove.Thepublishermakesnorepresentation,expressorimplied,withregardtotheaccuracyoftheinformationcontainedinthisbookandcannotacceptanylegalresponsibilityorliabilityforerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.DisclaimerTheinformationprovidedandtheopinionsgiveninthispublicationarenotnecessarilythoseofIWAandshouldnotbeacteduponwithoutindependentconsiderationandprofessionaladvice.IWAandtheAuthorwillnotacceptresponsibilityforanylossordamagesufferedbyanypersonactingorrefrainingfromactinguponanymaterialcontainedinthispublication.BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationDataACIPcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibraryLibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataAcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongressISBN:9781843395423ISBN:1843395428ContentsAbouttheauthor....................................ixAcknowledgements..................................xiChapter1Introduction.........................................1Background................................................1Earlyhistory................................................2Theromans................................................3Themiddleages............................................4Theeighteenthcentury.......................................5Chapter2Watersupply........................................7Watersupply...............................................7Londonbridgewaterworks....................................8Thenewrivercompany.......................................9Pumpingdistributionandstorage..............................11Watermains..............................................12Filtration..................................................12Chapter3Thewatercarriagesystem............................15Watercarriagesystem.......................................15Thewatercloset...........................................15Acceptanceofthewatercarriagesystem........................16Contaminatedwateranddisease..............................17Sanitaryhealthreforms......................................18Publicawarenessofinsanitaryconditions........................19Introductionofimprovements.................................20Sewersandsewerage.......................................21Chapter4Landtreatmentofsewage............................25Sewageutilisation..........................................25Hoseandjet..............................................25Sewagefarms.............................................26Profitabilityofsewagefarms..................................27Landarearequirements....