生态学报2011,31(6):1487—1493ActaEcologicaSinica.ecologica.cn基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目(20877086);国家973项目(2009CB421103);国家科技重大专项(2008ZX07421-001)收稿日期:2010-06-01;修订日期:2011-01-11*通讯作者Correspondingauthor.E-mail:gbzhu@rcees.ac.cn高含氮稻田深层土壤的氨氧化古菌和厌氧氨氧化菌共存及对氮循环的影响王雨1,4,祝贵兵1,*,王朝旭1,4,范改娜1,2,冯晓娟1,3,王衫允1,2,尹澄清1(1.中国科学院生态环境研究中心环境水质学国家重点实验室,北京100085;2.北京科技大学,北京100083;3.兰州交通大学,兰州730070;4.中国科学院研究生院,北京100049)摘要:随着海洋生态系统中的厌氧氨氧化反应和氨氧化古菌的发现,自然生态系统的氮循环过程被重新认识,但是目前尚无在陆地深层的相关报道。结合同位素示踪与分子生物学技术探索了稻田深层土壤中anammox与AOA的存在及特性。结果表明,在沼渣处理废水浇灌的高含氮稻田深层土壤中,anammox与AOA共存。通过构建克隆文库发现,此土壤中厌氧氨氧化菌的生物多样性相对较低,35个克隆序列只分为4个独立操作单元(OTU),代表序列与Genebank数据库中已探明的厌氧氨氧化菌Candidatus‘Kueneniastuttgartiensis’的同源性超过95%;对氨氧化古菌的分析发现,20个克隆子共得到5个OTU,其与基因库中土壤/沉积物进化分支关系最近,序列的同源性部分超过98%。同位素示踪的初步结果表明,anammox产生的氮气占此土壤总氮气生成量的24.1%-29.8%。AOA与anammox的共存为anammox反应的广泛存在与发生提供了新思路。关键词:稻田湿地;厌氧氨氧化;氨氧化古菌;深层土壤;氮循环Coexistence,biodiversityandrolesofammonia-oxidizingarchaeaandanaerobicammonium-oxidizingbacteriaindeepsoillayerofhighnitrogenloadedpaddyfieldWANGYu1,4,ZHUGuibing1,*,WANGChaoxu1,4,FANGaina1,2,FENGXiaojuan1,3,WANGShanyun2,YINChengqing11StateKeyLaboratoryofEnvironmentalAquaticQuality,ResearchCenterforEco-EnvironmentalSciences,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing100085,China2UniversityofScienceandTechnologyBeijing,Beijing100083,China3LanzhouJiaotongUniversity,Lanzhou730070,China4GraduateUniversityofChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing100049,ChinaAbstract:Anaerobicammoniumoxidation(anammox)bacteriaandammoniaoxidationarchaea(AOA)playaveryimportantroleinnitrogencycleinsoilaswellasinthemarineecosystems.Theseexcellentdiscoverieshaverenewedthevisiononnitrogencycle.Anammoxusesnitriteasanelectronacceptortoconvertammoniumintodinitrogengas.ThenitriteisdeliveredbyAOA,sincetheyconvertammoniaintonitrite.Tofurtherexplorethisview,thecoexistenceofanammoxbacteriaandAOAwerealsostudiedindeepsoilandpaddyfieldwetlandusingmolecularandisotopictracingtools.Forthedetectionofanammoxbacteria,primercombinationAMX368FandAMX820Rwasused,whereasforAOAthearchaealprimersetforamoAgenewasused.FourdifferentanammoxbacteriaandfivedifferentAOAweredetectedinthedeepsoillayerofhighnitrogenloadedpaddyfield.Furtheranalysisshowedthatthebiodiversityofanammoxbacteriawaslow,35sequencesofanammoxbacteriawereassignedto4OperationalTaxonomicUnits(OTUs),threeofthemcloserelatedtotheknownanammoxspeciesderivedfrommarineandwastewatertreatmentplantexcepttheOTU4,whichclusteredwith.ecologica.cnCandidatus‘Kueneniastuttgartiensis’withahighsimilaritiesupto95%.20sequencesofAOAwereassignedinto5OTUs,andthesimilaritieswiththeclosestrelativesinGenBankweremostlyhigherthan98%.4oftheOTUsbelongedtothewater/sedimentlineageandanotheroneOTUwasclosetothesoil/sedimentlineage.ThischaracterofAOAdiversitywasalsocorrespondedtothenaturepropertiesofwetlandsoilwhichfallinbetweensoilandfreshwaterenvironment.TheisotopictracingexperimentalresultsshowedthattheratioofN2productionbyanammoxtototal(anammox+denitrification)rangedfrom24.1to29.8percent.Thisisthefirstreportwhichinvestigatestheanammoxprocessindeepsoillayerofpaddyfieldwetlandbybothmolecularandisotopictracingtools.AOAprobablyplayanimportantroleinammoniaoxidizingbecauseitswiderecologicnichethanotherammoniaoxidizingmicroorganisms.Whethernitrificationwasdrivenbybacteriaorarcheaisstillindebatesofar.However,inthisstudy,ananaerobicandammoniaaffluentenvironmentwhichisnotfondofammoniaoxidizingbacteriawasprovided.ThestronganammoxactivityimpliedthatthenitritewhichwasoxidizedbyAOAshouldbeoneofanimportantsourcessuppliesforanammoxprocess.Inconsiderationofthenitritesuppliedbydenitrification,therefore,howmuchitplaysinthenitritesupplyforanammoxprocessbyAOA?Wearelookingforwardtotheappearanceofamorepowerfulexperimentaltools.Anyway,itprovidedanewideaofthewidespreadofanammoxprocesswiththeproveofthecoexistenceofanammoxandAOAinthisspecialenvironment.KeyWords:paddyfieldwetland;anaerobicammoniumoxidation;ammoniaoxidationarchaea;deepsoillayer;nitrogencycle随着氮循环过程中新型反应机制和微生物的发现,人们重新认识了氮循环过程。氮迁移转化的传统认识是:氨氮通常由氨氧化细菌(AOB)在氨单加氧酶(amoA)的催化条件下,氧化为亚硝酸盐,由此开始生物氮循环。最新的研究发现,氨的氧化反应还可以由氨氧化古菌(AOA)在古菌氨单加氧酶(amoA)的催化条件下进行[1]。而且发现氨的氧化不仅在有氧条件下进行,还可以在厌氧氨氧化菌的作用下,在厌氧/缺氧的条件下被亚硝酸盐氧化,定义为厌氧氨氧化(anammox)[2]。氨氧化古菌和厌氧氨氧化反应的发现是近十年环境科学领域的重大突破[3],使人们重新认识氨氧化过程这一氮循环中的限速步骤,也改变了人们对全球氮循环通量的认识。目前已探明,海洋生态系统中24%—67%的氮气由厌氧氨氧化反应完成[4]。但是目前关于氨氧化古菌和厌氧氨氧化反应的研究多限于海洋生态系统中,在大陆表层,还很少报道。作者前期研究在河流表层沉积物中发现了厌氧氨氧化菌与氨氧化古菌[5],但是目前尚无湿地深层土壤中的相关报道。本研究选择浙江省嘉兴市的稻田湿地为研究地点,通过15N同位素示踪证实anammox的发生与过程效应,通过PCR扩增、测序并建立克隆文库,揭示稻田湿地深层土壤中厌氧氨氧化菌和氨氧化古菌的共存和生物多样性。1材料与方法1.1样品来源嘉兴地处长江三角洲,年平均温度为16℃。样品采集稻田的深层土壤(-100cm),多点采样后均匀混合置于无菌塑料袋中,放在冰盒中带回实验室,一部分4℃保存用于同位素示踪试验,一部分保存在-80℃超低温冰箱中直至DNA提取。1.2样品理化指标分析该稻田湿地用畜禽废水经发酵后的沼渣浇灌。对浇灌废水及湿地土壤的相关理化指标进行了测定。水样指标测定根据国际标准[6],土壤相关指标依照《土壤农化分析》中方法[7],其中氨氮和硝氮用浓度为2mol/L的KCl溶液浸提2h,抽滤后用连续流动分析仪测定(SANplus,SkalarAnalyticalB.V.theNetherlands),相关结果见表1。8841生态学报31卷.ecologica.cn表1稻田湿地土壤与水样的相关理化指标Table1Thechemicalcharacteristicsofwaterandsoils土壤TOM/(g/kg)NH+4/(mg/kg)NO-x/(mg/kg)TKN/(g/kg)TP/(g/kg)26.2341.7150.95.61.9水样pHNH+4/(mg/L)NO-3/(mg/L)TN/(mg/L)TP/(mg/L)8.6784.949.81290.6338.41.3同位素示踪试验采用文